Abstract:Toxicodendron purpureum, a new species of Anacardiaceae from Shaowu County, Fujian Province of Eastern China, is described and illustrated here. The new species is similar to T. delavayi, but is distinguished from T. delavayi by leaves 25 cm (vs to 13 cm); leaflets papery, abaxially purplish red, rare green (vs abaxially glaucous, leaflet petiolule 1–2 mm); inflorescence as long as 1/3 pinnately compound leaf (vs as long as pinnately compound leaf); petals without brown featherlike venation pattern (vs petals with brown featherlike venation pattern). The comparison of morphological characteristics among four closely related species and phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ITS and plastid sequences (trnL-F and ndhF) from 29 species both support the establishment of the new species.