Abstract:The aim was to understand the functions of importin and exportin genes in Hevea brasiliensis. The full-length cDNAs of importin and exportin gene were cloned from H. brasiliensis by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique, named as HbIMP and HbXPO, respectively. The results showed that HbIMP was 4170 bp in length, encoding 1115 amino acids, and HbXPO for 4108 bp in length, encoding 1081 amino acids. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that HbIMP belonged to importin5 subfamily, while HbXPO to exportin1A subfamily. The sequences analysis showed that HbIMP contained 18 exons and 17 introns, while HbXPO had 30 exons and 29 introns, and both of them containing ethylene response elements ERELEE4 and LECPLEACS2 in upstream sequences. Real time PCR analysis indicated that both HbIMP and HbXPO had expression in root, stream, leaf and bark, but not in latex, but their expression in latex were obviously induced by ethylene stimulation. Therefore, it was suggested that HbIMP and HbXPO might be involved in the transporting of macromolecules induced by ethylene.

Abstract:In order to reveal the expression characteristics and promoter activity of SCL3 in Phyllostachys edulis, the open reading frame (ORF) of PeSCL3 and its upstream promoter sequence (PeSCL3p) were cloned from P. edulis by using homologous cloning method. Sequence analysis showed that the length of PeSCL3 ORF was 1335 bp, encoding a protein with 444 amino acids, which shared 93.9% homology with SCL3 from Oryza sativa. The length of PeSCL3p was 1358 bp, containing many kinds of cis-acting regulatory elements, such as abscisic acid response (ABRE), gibberellin-responsive element (GARE-motif and P-box), and drought-induced MYB binding sites, etc. Based on real-time quantitative PCR, the expression of PeSCL3 in leaf was the highest, following by stem and root, and the least in sheath. Besides, the expression of PeSCL3 was inhibited by GA₃, while it was induced by ABA, NaCl and drought. The GUS staining result of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana with PeSCL3p::GUS showed that root tip, apical meristem and cotyledon petiole were all stained blue, especially in root tip with the deepest staining. So, these indicated that PeSCL3 might play an important role in regulating the growth and development of P. edulis, especially for that of root.

Abstract:In order to understand the genetic relationships among germplasms of Dendroubium officinale, the genetic relationships and genetic diversity of 34 germplasms of D. officinale were analyzed by ISSR. The results showed that total 78 bands were amplified by 9 ISSR primers with percentage of polymorphic loci at 100%. UPGMA cluster analysis indicated that the similarity coefficient ranged from 0.61 to 0.92, and wild and cultivated D. officinale were divided into 2 groups at level of 0.626. The Nei's gene diversity (H) and coefficient of gene differentiation (G_st) of wild D. officinale from Fujian Taining was 0.3111 and 0.4609, respectively, which were higher than those of cultivated D. officinale (0.3056 and 0.4204, respectively), indicated that there were high diversity and gene differentiation among Taining D. officianle populations. AMOVA analysis showed that variation coefficients between populations and within populations were 24% and 76%, respectively, which indicated that there was gene flow among different populations. These would provide theoretical basis and reference for efficient protect and utilization of wild D. officinale germplasms.

Abstract:The mung bean (Vigna radiata) seedlings in various states, including normal growth, inactivation and different levels of osmotic stress, were cultured under the same conditions, and the level of hydroxyl radicals in the culture environment and the respiration rate of seedlings were continuously measured. The results showed that the enviromental hydroxy radial surrounding normal growth seedlings was significantly higher than that of the environment without plant growth, however, under the same conditions, the inactivated seedlings had no significant effect on the level of surrounding enviromental hydroxyl radicals. Under osmotic stress, the effect of mung bean seedling on the level of hydroxyl radical in the atmosphere was very significant, and the influences on the levels of atmosphere hydroxyl radicals were different with different degree of osmotic stress. The relationship was close between the effect of mung bean seedling on the level of environmental hydroxyl radical and its respiration rate. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the level of hydroxyl radical was affected by the growth of mung bean seedling, and as well as, the effect was depend on the metabolic processes and the growth state of seedlings.

Abstract:The aim was to understand the function of endogenous ascorbic acid in rice (Oryza sativa) seeds. The homozygote transgenic lines GO-2 with the up-regulated GLDH (the key enzyme that catalyzes the final step of Asc biosynthesis in plants gene) and GI-2 with the down-regulated GLDH had been established from the cultivar ‘Zhonghua 11’ (ZH-11). The effect of endogenous ascorbic acid on seed germination and seedling growth of rice was studied among ZH-11, GO-2 and GI-2. The results showed that the germination rate of GO-2 was 6% and 60% higher than that of wild type (ZH-11), and GI-2, respectively. After treatment with 1 mmol L^-1 exogenous ascorbic acid, the germination rate of GI-2 increased by 22%, but no significant effect was observed in that of GO-2 and the wild type (ZH-11). The root length, plant height, tiller number and fresh weight of seedling in GO-2 were higher than those in ZH-11 or GI-2. The expression of GLDH gene in GO-2 leaves was higher than that in ZH-11 or GI-2, too. So, these indicate ascorbic acid plays an important role in maintaining seed vigor and improving germination and seedling growth of rice.

Abstract:In order to select excellent provenances of Eucalyptus grandis, the traits of 177 families from 13 provenences were analyzed. The results showed that the individual volume had significant differences among blocks (P<0.05) at 22 months old, other traits were significantly different (P<0.01) among provenances, families and blocks at 22 and 50 months old. The top three provenances of individual volume were No. 2(came from Copperlode, QLD), No. 3 (came from Ravenshoe, QLD), No. 1 (came from N W Townsille, QLD) and No. 11 (came from Heilongtan, Sichuan) at 50 months old. Meanwhile, the volume increment of 78 families was bigger than the average of all families (0.08 m³), and the top three families were No. 2 (came from Copperlode, QLD, provenance No. 2), No. 156 (came from Tianma, Fujian, provenance No.10) and No. 93 (came from Bambaroo, QLD, provenance No.8). At 50 months old, the heritability of DBH, height, individual volume, stem form, branch and crown width were 0.56, 0.91, 0.73, 0.67, 0.64 and 0.76, respectively, while their phenotypic variation coefficients were 26.64%, 29.37%, 64.41%, 17.58%, 15.26% and 45.80%, and the genetic variation coefficients were 25.94%, 24.30%, 60.97%, 28.59%, 26.07% and 42.96%, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that the branch and crown width had negative correlation, others had positive correlation. Therefore, combing the growth traits and form quality traits, four superior provenances and eighteen superior families were selected.

Abstract:In order to evaluate graft compatibility of different honey pomelo (Citrus grandis) rootstock-scion combinations at seedling stage, five cultivars of honey pomelo, such as ‘Hongmianmiyou’, ‘Sanhongmiyou’, ‘Hongroumiyou’, ‘Huangjinmiyou’ and ‘Guanximiyou’ were used as scions, and Citrus grandis, C. junos, Poncirus trifoliate as rootstocks, some physiological and biochemical indexes of 15 rootstock-scion combinations at seedling stage were determined. Their graft compatibility was evaluated by using principal component and cluster analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences in seedling growth among different rootstock-scion combinations, which ‘Hongmianmiyou’/Poncirus trifoliata and ‘Huangjinmiyou’/Poncirus trifoliata combinations were imcompatibility. The changes in PPO, POD activities, soluble protein, soluble sugar contents were similar at graft union stage in different rootstock-scion combinations. Four principal components could present 91.33% information of 15 indexes, and the cluster analysis showed that 15 rootstock-scion combinations could be divided into 4 clusters. Therefore, it was suggested that ‘Guanximiyou’, ‘Hongroumiyou’, ‘Sanhongmiyou’ could graft with Citrus grandis and Poncirus trifoliata, ‘Hongmianmiyou’ and ‘Huangjinmiyou’ with Citrus grandis, ‘Hongmianmiyou’ and ‘Huangjinmiyou’ could not graft with Poncirus trifoliata.

Abstract:The aim was to establish plant regeneration system from anthers of Capsicum annuum var. grossum. The influence factors on embryo induction and differentiation were studied. The results showed that the influences of medium compositions on embryo induction were in the order of NAA> basal medium> coconut milk> KT. The optimum medium for embryo induction was NTH + 0.1 mg L^-1 NAA + 10% coconut milk + 1 mg L^-1 KT + 50 μmol L^-1 AgNO₃ + 30 g L^-1 sugar + 5 g L^-1 agar + 2 g L^-1 activated carbon. After pretreated for 24 h in low temperature and precultured for 8 d at high temperature, embryo induction rate could reach 23.38%. The effect of plant growth regulator on bud rate from embryo was in the order of 6-BA> NAA> IAA, and the optimum medium for embryo differentiation was NTH + 1 mg L^-1 6-BA + 0.3 mg L¹ NAA + 0.1 mg L¹ IAA + 30 g L^-1 sugar + 5 g L^-1 agar. Then, embryo buds were cultured on 1/2MS + 0.5 mg L¹ IBA + 30 g L^-1 sugar + 5 g L^-1 agar medium, rooting rate could reach 92.5%.

Abstract:In order to clarify the absorption and accumulation characteristics of copper, zinc and iron microelements in Camellia oleifera, their contents and annual changes in C. oleifera ‘Changlin 4’ at five-year-old were studied. The results showed that the content of iron in Camellia oleifera was the highest, following by zinc and copper. The annual absorption of zinc and copper per individual reached 62.97 mg and 22.60 mg, respectively, with the ratio of 3:1. The absorption of zinc per individual reached 40.18 mg from fruit development to ripening stage, accounting for 63.81% of annual uptake. The absorption of copper per individual reached 20.04 mg from shooting to fruit ripening stage, accounting for 88.67% of annual uptake. The copper and zinc stored in roots supplied 30.25% and 57.90% of the need for tree growth from dormancy to shooting stage. The absorption period of iron focused on the shooting to fruit development stage, about 0.34 g per tree. These could provide theory basis for scientific fertilization of Camellia oleifera.

Abstract:The concept and delimitation of Actaea simplex (= Cimicifuga simplex) in the Ranunculaceae have been previously widely misunderstood in China owing to incomplete knowledge of its diagnostic characters. It has often been confused with the traditionally broadly defined “C. foetida”. Based on observations of herbarium specimens and living plants in wild populations, here we re-evaluate the variation pattern and taxonomic value of some morphological characters of the species, such as the flowering sequence of racemes on the inflorescence, flower color, and carpel stipe length, etc., which have all been neglected or ignored by Chinese taxonomists. Our results demonstrate that A. simplex is very readily distinguishable from its congeners by the terminal leaflets lanceolate to elliptic, often deeply 3-partite with the central partition pinnately 3-5-lobate, the terminal racemes elongate, flowering earlier than the often much shorter lateral racemes, the flowers white, the staminodes also white, cup-shaped, apex deeply bifid, and the carpels long stipitate with the stipes more or less elongate after anthesis. The species is revealed to be much more widely distributed in China than documented before, occurring in Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.

Abstract:In order to understand the seed plant resources in Gaoligong Mountains, the seed plant flora between the southern and the northern Gaoligong Mountains were compared by using floristic theories and methods. The results showed that there were 2807 species, belonging to 192 families and 878 genera in the southern Gaoligong Mountains, and could be divided into 15 areal-types, 9 subtypes and 14 forms at species level. There were 2816 species, belonging to 172 families and 778 genera in the northern Gaoligong Mountains, could be divided into 15 areal-types, 9 subtypes and 20 forms at species level. From the differentiated degree, quantitative composition, and the ratio of palaeotropic components of families and genera, it was indicated that the southern flora was ancient and conservative, while the northern flora was young and newborn. The regression analysis showed that the southern flora and the northern flora were quite similar in geographical components, while the similarities of families and genera were gradually descending due to differentiation.

Abstract:In order to understand the breeding system and pollination mechanism of Goodyera foliosa, the floral phenology, pollen viability and stigma receptivity, artificial pollination, volatile components, insect pollination behavior were studied. Goodyera foliosa has yellow lip, white or white with brown sepal. The results showed that the mean anthesis of single flower was 9 days. The pollen was active at the first days after flowering (60%), stigma had receptivity at the second day after flowering, and all of them reached peak at the fifth day. The natural seed set rate was 43.3%, while emasculation by bagging or not emasculation by bagging could not fruit setting. The seed setting rate of illegitimate pollination, cross pollination within plant or plants was 93.3%, 95.0% and 96.7%, respectively. 1-Octen-3-ol, 3-octanol and N,N-dimethylformamide was major volatile components in flowers of G. foliosa. Apis cerana was the efficient pollinator of G. foliosa. Therefore, it was suggested that G. foliosa had self-compatible capability, but not automatic self-cross phenomenon, and it must dependent on pollinator Apis cerana, the flower color and floral scent are main factors for attracting pollinators.

Abstract:In order to understand the chemical constituents of Chinese agarwood induced by artificial holing, eight compounds were isolated from its ethyl acetate extract. On the basis of spectral data, they were identified as 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone (1), benzenepropanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-methyl ester (2), zingerone (3), p-methoxy phenylpropionic acid (4), n-dotriacontanol (5), (20R)-24-ethylcholest-4-en-3-one (6), ergosta- 4,6,8(14),22-tetraene-3-one (7), stigmasterol (8). Compounds 1, 2, and 4-8 were isolated from agarwood for the first time. Compound 3 had inhibitory activities against to Staphylococcus aureus and Ralstonia solanacearum, while compound 7 only to R. solanacearum.

Abstract:The aim is to investigate the chemical constituents of Ranunculus ternatus Thunb. Five fatty acids are isolated from tubers of R. ternatus. On the basis of spectral data, they are identified as (R)-3-hydroxy- 11-methoxy-11-oxoundecanoic acid (1), palmitic acid (2), ethyl palmitate (3), adipic acid (4) and stearic acid (5). Compound 1 is a new compound. All compounds have a certain inhibitory activities in vitro against multidrug- resistant strain.

Abstract:In recent years, some exciting advances on invertase in plant have been made with the development of molecular biology and sequencing technology. Here, the recent progress on the roles of INV in plant development and INV-mediated responses to abiotic and biotic stresses was reviewed. Finally, the future directions for unraveling the mechanisms underlying INV-mediated signal transduction were proposed.