Abstract:Seed anatomy of Ensete glaucum (Musaceae), Ravenala madagascariensis (Strelitziaceae) and Heliconia faranmansis (Heliconiaceae) was studied. Seeds of Ensete glaucum comprise seed coat, perisperm, endosperm and embryo, aril absent. Epidermis, sclerenchyma and sclereid are differentiated from seed coat and the sclereid thickened on anticlinal and inner periclinal walls. Chalazal chamber and chalazal mass are well-differentiated but the endotesta is continuous in chalazal region. Micropylar Micropylar collar and operculum exist in micropylar region．The operculum consists of only sclereid endotesta ，and the testa extends and results in a hilum cavity within this region．Perisperm has only one layer of cells while endosperm is massive and abundant in starch grains．Seeds in Ravenala madagascariensis have aril，seed coat includes exotesta，mesotesta and endotesta．The exotesta cells are elongated in longitudinal section and rounded in tran sverse section, and the cell walls of exotesta are thickened like those in Zingiberaceae． Mesotesta contains 7-9 layers of parenchyma cells which are tangentially elongated and the endotesta cells are sclereids． Chalazal chamber and chalazal mass are absent,and the endotesta is discontinuous and forming a gap．The gap is filled with parenchyma cells which is trumpet, shaped in outline．Micropylar collar and operculum are absent in micropylar region． Perisperm is not diferentiated but endosperm is well-developed． Aril is absent in the seeds of Heliconia faranmansis and the seed coat without diferentiation consists of a few layers of parenchyma palisade cells which are small in size and radially elongated．Seed coat extends outwards and forms a caruncle—like structure． Micropylar collar and operculum are not differentiated but a sclerotic plug is formed from endocarp, Chalazal chamber and chalazal mass are absent， and the endotesta is discontinuous and filled with parenchyma cells．There are about 3-4 layers of perisperm cells，the cell wall of which is curved．Endosperm iS massive and rich in starch grains．Based on the studies on seed anatomy of the three representatives and of Orchidantha chinensis, and the previous studies，the characteristics and patterns of seed anatomy in banana families of Zingiberales are discussed．

Abstract:Leaf epidermis of 35 species of Ormosia in China was examined under light microscope (LM) andscanning electron microscope (SEM). The epidermal cells of both upper and lower leaf surfaces are polygonal or irregular in shape, anticlinal walls are straight, arched, sinuolate or sinuate, and stomata are elliptic or ovate. Stomatal apparatuses which occur only on abaxial surface of the leaflets are mainly of paracytic type, but in species such as O. balansae and O. pinnata, the paracytic type sometimes concurs to have anomocytic or anisocytic type，while the stomatal apparatuses are indistinct in a few species such as 0．sericeolucida and 0．pachycarpa．The ornamentation ofthe outer stomatal ledge (or rim) is smooth，or granular，or granular and striate，or indistinct；the inner margin of the outer stomatal ledge is smoo饥or nearly smooth，or sinuolate or indistinct；the wax ornam entation is smooth，or granular，or scaly，or striate，or granular and reticulate．Trichomes on the leanets were observed．These leaf epiderm al characters can be used to distingu ish species or varieties within Ormosia, which exhibits that OFmosia is a homogenous natural group.

Abstract:Anther structure and the formation and development of microspores were studied of Sinomanglietia glauca Z. X. Yu et Q. Y. Zheng, an endangered monotypic species of Magnoliaceae found in Jiangxi Province in 1988. The stamens numerous, distinct. Each anther with four pollen sacs. Mature anther wall comprises an epidermis followed by endothecium layer, 2 middle layers, and a single-layered tapetum. During the development of micro-sporogenesis, glandular tapetum appears disintegrated, recovered, then disintegrated until disappeared．The meiotic division of pollen mother ceils is of simultaneous type． The arrangement of microspores in a tetrad is tetrahedral and isobilateral．Mature pollen grains are released at 2-celled stage．The characters of anther structure in S．glauca coincide with those in Manglietia glauca var．sumatrana M.insignis，and M．aromatica，except the tapetum which consists of only one cell layer in S．glauca.

Abstract:Pollen morphology in five species of Manglietia is similar. Pollen grains are large with the longest axis more than 45μm. Foveolate sculpture is observed on exine surface in all the five species except Manglietiamoto and M. pachyphylla which have slightly coarse exine. The exine of all species can be distinguished by itstectum, baculum and foot-layer. The perforation in tectum is clear. The colpus membrane consists of a thin foot-layer and intine, while the sexine elements (tectum and baculum) are reduced gradually．Spherical granules are frequently observed in baculum with small intraexinous spaces， which is at initial developmental stage． This study supports that genus Manglietia is the most primitive group in Magnoliaceae.

Abstract:The inverse distance method (ID) was used to interpolate the sterile seed rate of Cunninghamia lanceolata distributed in various sites in Fujian Province in order to establish rational seed production bases. A modified inverse distance method (MID) is presented which includes ID and inverse distance squares method (IDS). Based on sterile seeds collected from 25 sites, models of MID, ID and IDS were built. The results of cross-validation for the three methods showed that mean error and root-mean．square interpolation eror in MID were lowest， and the average accuracy being 88.91％ ．MID could be useful in the study of epidemic trend of C．1anceolata sterile seeds and its distribution, as well as for establishing seed production base in optimum habitats.

Abstract:The dynamics of species composition, spatial structures and species diversity as well as biomass were analyzed in a four-year successional process of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Dinghushan Nature Reserve in Guangdong. No obvious changes were observed in species composition in tree, shrub and herb layers in community, but the number of individuals changed greatly. The dominant conifer Pinus massoniana declinedgradually, whereas broad-leaved species, such as Schima superba and Castanopsis chinensis，and mesophytes (Ardisia quinquegona and Psychotria rubra) increased．The whole community was changing into evergreen broadleaved forest．Biomass in tree layer increased and that in shrub layer decreased．The species richness，diversity index，evenness index and ecological dominance in each layer had only a slight change，which indicated that the succession of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Dinghushan was a slow and relatively stable process． With the succession process， some rare species such as Glochidion eriocarpum and Mallotus apelta disappeared， furthermore，the endangered species Aquilaria sinensis decreased from 25 to 12 individuals within four years，to which attention should be paid.

Abstract:A somaclonal mutant 0A15-1 obtained from in vitro culture by young panicles of IR69700A showed typically abortive type of male sterility as proved by pollen staining with 1% iodide-potassium iodide solution. As shown by short day and low temperature treatments, the mutant had a character of thermosensitive genic male sterility which exhibited fertility conversation, i.e. sterile under high temperature and fertile under low temperature, regardless of being under long day or short day. Analysis of fertility segregation pattern from F₁，F₂ and BC₁ indicated that the sterility trait of 0A15-1 was controlled by a single recessive gene and belonged to sporophytic male sterile type．This mutant is an useful material both for gene tagging and production of hybrid rice by means ofphoto(thermo)-sensitive male sterile line.

Abstract:Three hundred and sixty hybrid F1s from 4 indica (IR36 and Nanjing 11) and japonica (Balila andAkihikara) rice as female parents crossed with the rest male parents were used to study the spikelet fertility inrelation to Cheng's index difference (ID) and to isozyme genetic distance (GD). The results showed that ID and GD significantly negatively correlated with F1 spikelet fertility (r=-0.540, p<0.01; r=-0.316, p<0.01), but thedeterminative coefficient was low, which was 0.2916, 0.0999, respectively.

Abstract:The seeds of Celosia argentea L.(yellow flower) were carried by a high altitude balloon(CHAB) at an altitude of 40.112 km above sea level for about 4 hours. After the balloon returned on the ground, the treated seeds were stored for 8 months at 4℃ and then sowed. The inflorescences and leaves of the first generation were used for water extraction. The effects of water extracts from inflorescences and leaves of treated and control plants on scavenging of superoxide radical (O₂^-· ) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) were studied by colorimetric method，and the contents of Vitamin C， flavonol and the activity of SOD of all samples were determined． The results showed that the water extracts could reduce ·OH induced oxidation of reductive Cyt·C(II) and inhibit O₂^-·， induced oxidation of hydroxylamine．The effects of water extracts from treated plants on scavenging active oxygen were more significant than those from the control，indicating that high altitude condition treatment could increase an tioxidation activityin cookscombs.

Abstract:Tobacco calli, induced from leaf explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg L^{-1 NAA, 0.2 mg L-1 kinetin and 1 mg L-1 2,4-D, were cultured on MS medium containing 0.1 mmol/L 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP, inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia lyase) or 1 mmol/L aminoxyacetic acid [AOA, inhibitor of ACC(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) synthase], or 0.1 mmol/L AIP and 1 mmol/L AOA in combination. The calli were then treated with 1 mg ml-1 methyl jasmonate (MJ) to determine the activities of peroxidase (POD)，phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL)，β l,3-glucanase，polyphenol oxidase，and chitinase．The result showed that MJ markedly increased the activities of POD，β l,3-glucanase，exochitinase and slightly increased the activities of PAL and polyphenol oxidase(PPO)，while it inhibited the activity of endochitinase．AOA and AII)significantly inhibited the induction effect of MJ on the activities of POD and β 1,3-glucanase，but the induction effect of MJ on PAL and polyphenol activities was less． AOA could partially relieve the inhibition effect of MJ on endochitinase, but had less effect on MJ-induced exochitinase activity．AIP inhibited the activity ofendochitinase and the induction effect of MJ as wel1．It is inferred that the efrect of MJ on POD, PPO and endochitinase may be through the signal transduction of ethylene，and on β 1,3-glucanase and exochitinase through salicylic acid, while on PAL there exists another pathway.}

Abstract:Observations and analyses were made of changes in the physiology of leaves of Prunus mume, Averrhoa carambola and Dimocarpus longan subjected to simulated acid rain at pHs 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 4.0 levels. The results showed that chlorophyll contents in the three fruit species decreased with the decrease of pH level, while leaf damage rate, cell permeability, proline and malodialdehyde contents increased. Physiological changes in D. longan was the least. P. mume was most sensitive to acid rain stress.

Abstract:The seedlings of somatic hybrid wheat (Ⅰ-1-3) (Triticum aestivum × Agropyron elongatum) and its wheat parent (Jinan 177) were treated with different concentrations of NaCl to investigate the growth and Na^{+ and K+ contents in leaves, stems and roots. It was shown that the seedling weight of somatic hybrid was higher than that of wheat parent after treatment with salt for 6 days. The Na+ content both in hybrid and in wheat parent increased as NaCl concentration increased, but the Na+ content in the leaves and stems of the hybrid was significantly lower than that of the wheat parent．On the contrary．Na+ content in the roots of hybrid was higher．It implied that the hybrid had more vacuole compartment for sodium than the parent．However, the content in the leaves and stems of the hybrid was higherthan that in the wheat parent．Net Na+ uptake in hybrid was slightly higher than that in parent．It is indicated that the hybrid line possesses higher salt tolerance than the wheat parent.}

Abstract:Proline (Pro) content and heat tolerance were determined in a hydroxyproline-resistant line Hypr01 selected in vitro from seedlings of Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee. Hypr01 had higher content of free Pro than the original cultivar Liushitianteqing. A greater increase of free Pro content could be found in Hypr01 under heat stress at 35℃, which was 4 times as much as that in Liushitianteqing and nearly 2 times in heat tolerant cultivar Sijiu. Compared to the control, the callus induced from Hypr01 shoots showed vigorous，root differentiation ability and high fresh weight increment when cultured under successive stress at 35℃． Under such condition，the relative electrolyte leakage，callus browning rate and the content of MDA in Hypr01 were significant lower，but the activities of SOD and CAT in Hypr01 was higher．The plantlets regenerated from Hpyr01 grew better than those from Liushitianteqing under a heat stress condition(35℃ by day and 25℃ by night both for 12 h) in phytotron，and had lower electrolyte leakage and higher fresh weight increment，which indicated a greater heat tolerance.

Abstract:Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. cv. Liuxiang) fruits were exposed to 250 μg L^-1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 24 h, then stored at 25℃for 12 days. 1-MCP treatment effectively inhibited fruit browning and rot. Edible rate of fruits pretreated with air and 1-MCP were 12.5% and 92.5%, respectively, after 12 days of storage at 25℃. Pretreatment with 1-MCP significantly decreased ethylene production and retarded the ethylene peak, and delayed the increases of malondialdehyde and membrane permeability which were associated with the increases of the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase．

Abstract:Explants from endosperm of Averrhoa carambola were used to establish culture in vitro and regeneration system. The experiments showed that endosperm inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L^-1 2,4-D and 0.2 mg L^-1 BA, gave highest callus induction rate (94.7%). The callus was milk white and compact. When the endosperm derived callus was cultured on MS medium containing 3.0 mg L^-1 ZT and0.2 mg L^-1 NAA, the callus became greenish and compact, the shooting frequency being 73.3%. Optimal medium for multiplication of plantlets was MS supplemented with 2.0-2.5 mg L^-1 ZT and 0.05 mg L^-1 NAA.

Abstract:Seven new recorded species of ferns from Hainan Island are reported. They are Adiantum edgewothii, Allantodia doederleinii, Asplenium sampsoni, Cheilosoria chusana, Lomariopsis cochinchinensis, Lygodiumsubareolatum and Pteris longipinnula. All the specimens examined are preserved in Herbarium of South China Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IBSC).

Abstract:A brief review is given of the progress of the studies on transcription factors in plants under the following headings; transcription factor genes involved in plant secondary metabolism, transcriptional control of plant secondary metabolism, and the application of transcription factor gene engineering in genetic improvement of secondary metabolites.

Abstract:Pine wood nematode (Bursaphelechus xylophilus) is the most serious forest pathogen in East Asia. This paper reviews the measures of the control of this nematode, recent researches on the biocontrol (includingnematicidal plants and nematicidal fungi), natural nematicidal toxins and their activity, and describes therelationship between chemical structures and nematicidal activity.

Abstract:This paper reviews the progress of the studies on systematics and evolution of Gramineae. Four principal problems are embraced in the topics for current studies on Gramineae： 1. The phylogenetic relationships of the taxonomic hierarchy of Gramineae should be most significant in the formulation of a classification. We recognize four modes of phylogenetic analysis — traditional, experimental, historical, and cladistic methods. 2. The evolution of sex system is a central issue of evolutionary biology. Research directed toward three topics seems desirable： the relative advantages of self-compatiblity，the developmental models to encompass the signification departures from the normal sex ratio，and the control ofthe sex-form determination．3．The understanding of the mechanism of morphology ， genetics and inflorescence development provides insight into the inflorescence evolution．4．The origin times of the family and of its subdivisions maybeun certain until recent time． In conclusion，a phylogenetic classification of Gramineae is a long-term goal，thus the ultimate goal of most systematic studies is to provide insight into the evolutionary processes that underlie diversity.