福建省农田生态系统外来入侵植物种类及其分布

Species and Distribution of Invasive Alien Plants in Farmland Ecosystems of Fujian Province

摘要:

为掌握福建省农田生态系统的外来入侵植物种类和分布情况，采用实地调查的方式，对福建省9市农田生态系统中的入侵植物进行调查，并分析了其种类组成、原产地、生活型、分布格局和分布类型及其入侵性等。结果表明，福建省农田生态系统有外来入侵植物30科65属共79种；其中以菊科（Asteraceae）物种数最多，为22种，占总种数的27.85%，其次是苋科（Amaranthaceae）有7种，豆科（Leguminosae）、禾本科（Gramineae）、旋花科（Convolvulaceae）和大戟科（Euphorbiaceae）各有5种。生活型以草本植物为主，占总种数的86.08%；原产于美洲的种类最多，占总种数的70.24%；入侵等级为恶性入侵（1级）的物种有10科22种，严重入侵（2级）有13科22种，局部入侵（3级）、一般入侵（4级）和有待观察类（5级）分别有9、18和8种；恶性入侵和严重入侵的植物种类占入侵植物总数的55.70%。从分布格局和分布类型来看，以福州市的农田生态系统入侵植物种类最多，为52种；不同农田类型中，以旱地中的入侵植物种数最多，有74种；按分布区域划分的全域分布种共13种，按农田类型划分的全域分布种有11种。因此，福建省农田生态系统入侵植物种类繁多，分布广泛，原产地多元化，且恶性和严重入侵植物占比较高，入侵形势严峻，应加强入侵植物的动态监控与防范，以保护生物多样性和生态安全。

Abstract:

In order to understand the situation of invasive alien plants in farmland ecosystems, the invasive plants in 9 cities of Fujian Province were investigated by field investigation, and the species composition, origin, life form, distribution pattern and type as well as invasiveness were analyzed. The results showed that there were a total of 79 species of invasive plants, belonging to 30 families, 65 genera, in farmland ecosystems in Fujian Province. There were 22 species of Asteraceae, which was the most abundance accounting for 27.85% to total species, followed by 7 species in Amaranthaceae, each 5 species in Leguminosae, Gramineae, Convolvulaceae and Euphorbiaceae. From life form, 68 species of invasive plants were herbaceous, accounting for 86.08% to total species. From the origin of invasive plants, the number of species native to America was the highest, accounting for 70.24% of total species. The alien invasive plants in Fujian were classified as malignant invasive species (grade 1) with 22 species in 10 families, and 22 species as serious invasion (grade 2), 9 species as local invasion (grade 3), 18 species as general invasion (grade 4) and 8 species to be observed (grade 5). In addition, the number of alien invasive plants at malignant and severe grade was high, accounting about 55.70% of total species. From distribution pattern and type, the number of invasive plants in farmland ecosystems of Fuzhou was the most with 52 species. Among different types of farmland, the number of invasive plants in dry land was the largest, with 78 species. There were 13 and 11 species in all regional distribution type, respectively according to the distribution region and the farmland type. There were many invasive plants in farmland ecosystem in Fujian province, which are widely distributed and diverse in origin. Therefore, the dynamic monitoring and prevention of alien invasive plants should be strengthened to protect biodiversity and ecological security.