黄燕(1994生), 女, 硕士, 主要从事植物分类研究。E-mail:
为了解土壤影响湿地植物多样性的主要因子,在广佛地区9大湿地类型选取18个样地为研究对象,运用方差分析、典范冗余分析(RDA)、典范对应分析(CCA)对群落分布、植物多样性与土壤因子间的相关性进行分析。结果表明,广佛地区有湿地植物312种,隶属90科198属,以禾本科(Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、菊科(Compositae)等为优势科。草本植物占绝对优势,占79.17%。主成分评价结果表明, 近海及海岸湿地土壤养分水平较高。RDA排序分析结果表明土壤因子对植物多样性影响较大的指标是土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮;CCA排序结果表明土壤环境因子对湿地草本植物群落分布主要影响因子为pH、速效钾、有效磷。因此,湿地生态系统比陆地生态系统更为复杂和脆弱,植物群落与土壤环境因子之间的关系也更为复杂,湿地植被的分布格局、群落多样性、群落结构和土壤条件及其相互关系受到人为干扰的类型和强度影响更加明显。
In order to understand the main factors of soil affecting wetland plant diversity, 18 sample plots were selected from 9 wetland types in Guangfo area. The wetland community species composition, plant diversity and soil factors were studied through field work and laboratory experiment. Furthermore, the correlations among community distribution, plant diversity and soil factors were analyzed by variance, canonical redundancy analysis (RDA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The results showed that there were 312 wetland species, belonging to 90 families and 198 genera, with Gramineae, Cyperaceae and Compositae as the dominant families. In addition, herbs are the most abundant in wetland plants, accounting for 79.17%. The principal component analysis showed that the level of soil nutrients in offshore and coastal wetlands was high. Moreover, the RDA analysis showed that soil factors with a great impact on plant diversity were soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen. From CCA, the main influencing factors of soil environmental factors on wetland herb community distribution are pH, available potassiumand available phosphorus. In conclusion, wetland ecosystem was more complex and fragile than terrestrial ecosystem, and the relationship between plant community and soil environmental factors was also more complex. The species distribution pattern, community diversity, community structure, soil conditions and their relationship of wetland vegetation are more obviously affected by the human disturbance.
珠三角是我国人口数量最多、创新实力最强、综合发展最快的三大城市群之一,据调查珠三角的湿地共有5大类21型,总面积达7.9×105 hm2,占广东省湿地总面积的45.1%[
目前对于广州和佛山的湿地研究主要集中在湿地生态服务功能[
以广州市和佛山市为重点研究区域,气候均属于南亚热带季风海洋气候,夏季高温高湿多雨,冬季低温干燥少雨。广州市地处华南,广东省的中南部,珠江三角洲中北缘,靠近珠江入海口,城镇化率达到86.34%,市域总面积为7 434.40 km2[
广州市湿地包括3大湿地类11湿地型,其中三角洲沙洲沙岛型与淤泥质海滩型面积较小且植被贫乏[
18个样地概况
Informations of 18 sample plots
序号 |
地点 |
区域 |
经度(E) |
纬度(N) |
湿地类型 |
1 | 流溪河良口段Liangkou of Liuxi River | 广州市从化区Conghua District, Guangzhou | 113°43′45″ | 23°44′30″ | 河流River |
2 | 三坑水库Sankeng Reservoir | 广州市花都区Huadu District, Guangzhou | 113°3′53″ | 23°27′41″ | 库塘Reservoir pond |
3 | 流溪河白云段Baiyun of Liuxi River | 广州市白云区Baiyun District, Guangzhou | 113°15′26″ | 23°17′8″ | 河流River |
4 | 鹤之洲湿地公园Hezhizhou Wetland Park | 广州市增城区Zengcheng District, Guangzhou | 113°49′56″ | 23°15′5″ | 河流River |
5 | 华农树木园Arboretum in SCAU | 广州市天河区Tianhe District, Guangzhou | 113°21′22″ | 23°9′30″ | 库塘Reservoir pond |
6 | 海珠湿地果林Fruit forest in |
广州市海珠区Haizhu District, Guangzhou | 113°20′1" | 23°4′37" | 人工复合湿地Constructed compound wetland |
7 | 生鱼洲Shengyu Island | 广州市黄埔区Huangpu District, Guangzhou | 113°27′7" | 23°5′9" | 洪泛平原湿地 |
8 | 前航道Qian Water Channel | 广州市黄埔区Huangpu District, Guangzhou | 113°27′4" | 23°5′13" | 河口Estuarine |
9 | 沙湾水道Shawan Waterway | 广州市番禺区Panyu District, Guangzhou | 113°32′43" | 22°51′4" | 河口Estuarine |
10 | 龙穴岛北角 |
广州市南沙区Nansha District, Guangzhou | 113°35′7" | 22°38′24" | 潮间盐水沼泽 |
11 | 龙穴岛Longxue Island | 广州市南沙区Nansha District, Guangzhou | 113°35′11" | 22°42′55" | 水产养殖场Aquaculture farm |
12 | 南沙十涌10th Chung, Nansha | 广州市南沙区Nansha District, Guangzhou | 113°34′24" | 22°40′13" | 人工河Artificial river |
13 | 南沙湿地Nansha Wetland | 广州市南沙区Nansha District, Guangzhou | 113°38′7" | 22°36′48" | 红树林Mangrove |
14 | 金沙岛滩涂Beach of Jinsha Island | 佛山市南海区Nanhai District, Foshan | 112°58′44" | 23°0′51" | 河流River |
15 | 南海湿地Wetland of South China Sea | 佛山市南海区Nanhai District, Foshan | 112°57′37" | 23°4′59" | 河流River |
16 | 金沙岛水保区Jinsha Island water and soil conservation area | 佛山市南海区Nanhai District, Foshan | 112°56′19" | 23°7′4" | 河流River |
17 | 南沙涌上游Upstream of Nansha Chung | 佛山市南海区Nanhai District, Foshan | 112°55′9" | 23°5′33" | 河流River |
18 | 南沙涌下游Downstream of Nansha Chung | 佛山市南海区Nanhai District, Foshan | 112°56′45" | 23°1′28" | 河流River |
在每个20 m×20 m样地内采用五点取样法采集土壤样品,然后混合表层(0~25 cm)土样,每袋1 kg, 贴上标签并记录采集时间、地点等,装入自封袋带回实验室检测土壤化学指标。土壤样品在实验室风干、过筛、研磨、剔除杂质,采用四分法贮存土壤样品。土壤因子指标按照《中华人民共和国林业土壤行业标准》中的方法进行测定(
土壤化学指标检测方法
Determination methods of soil chemical indexes
序号No. | 指标Index | 方法Method | 参考标准Reference standard |
1 | pH | 电极电位法 | LY/T 1239-1999 |
2 | 土壤有机质Soil organic matter (SOM) | 重铬酸钾-硫酸溶液氧化法 | LY/T 1237-1999 |
3 | 全氮Total nitrogen (TN) | 凯氏定氮法 | LY/T 1228-1999 |
4 | 全磷Total phosphorus (TP) | 碱熔-钼锑抗比色法 | LY/T 1232-1999 |
5 | 全钾Total potassium (TK) | 酸溶-火焰光度计法 | LY/T 1234-1999 |
6 | 碱解氮Available nitrogen (AN) | 碱解扩散法 | LY/T 1229-1999 |
7 | 有效磷Available phosphorus (AP) | 盐酸-硫酸浸提法 | LY/T 1233-1999 |
8 | 速效钾Available potassium (AK) | 乙酸铵浸提-火焰光度计法 | LY/T 1236-1999 |
根据样方数据计算植物的重要值,同时利用目前广泛运用的Patrick指数(
用R语言对典型样地物种丰富度(Patrick指数)进行聚类分析并结合主成分分析对样地土壤状况进行评价,用Vegan包进行物种多样性及分布与环境因子的相关性排序分析,运用“统计产品与服务解决方案”软件(statistical product service solutions, SPSS)进行描述统计。典范冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)或典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)是基于对应分析(correspondence analysis, CA)发展而来的一种排序方法,将对应分析与多元回归分析相结合,每一步计算均与环境因子进行回归,又称多元直接梯度分析。为反映植物多样性与土壤因子的关系,采用基于线性模型的RDA与基于单峰模型的CCA进行分析。排序前构建样方-植物矩阵,为了选择合适的排序方式首先进行除趋势对应分析(detrended correspondence analysis, DCA)对矩阵进行判断,若DCA排序前4轴结果中最大值大于4,选择CCA排序;若DCA小于3则选择RDA排序;3~4表示2种排序方式均可。为检验土壤因子是否具有显著影响性,采用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)法进行显著性检验。
根据调查结果,共记录湿地植物312种,隶属于90科198属,其中,双子叶植物54科106属150种,单子叶植物22科75属139种,裸子植物1科2属3种,蕨类植物13科15属20种。禾本科(Gramineae)与莎草科(Cyperaceae)的种数最为丰富,分别是34和31种。此外蓼科(Polygonaceae)、天南星科(Araceae)、菊科(Compositae)、玄参科(Scrophulariaceae)及泽泻科(Alismataceae)的种类也较为丰富,分别有16、14、12、11和11种。根据样方数据计算植物的多样性指数,由
样地的植物多样性指标
Plant diversity indexes of plots
层次 |
指标 |
最大 |
最小 |
平均 |
标准误差 |
变异系数 |
乔木层 |
Patrick指数Patrick index ( |
11.00 | 0.00 | 2.940 0 | 3.702 00 | 13.703 |
Simpson指数Simpson index ( |
0.78 | 0.00 | 0.212 8 | 0.300 02 | 0.090 | |
Shannon-Wiener指数Shannon-Wiener index ( |
1.82 | 0.00 | 0.447 8 | 0.644 53 | 0.415 | |
Pielou均匀度指数Pielou index ( |
0.82 | 0.00 | 0.249 4 | 0.323 54 | 0.105 | |
Margalet指数Margalet index ( |
2.27 | 0.00 | 0.545 0 | 0.782 89 | 0.613 | |
灌木层 |
Patrick指数Patrick index ( |
14.00 | 0.00 | 3.780 0 | 4.596 00 | 21.124 |
Simpson指数Simpson index ( |
0.90 | 0.00 | 0.358 0 | 0.350 00 | 0.122 | |
Shannon-Wiener指数Shannon-Wiener index ( |
2.43 | 0.00 | 0.743 3 | 0.811 95 | 0.659 | |
Pielou均匀度指数Pielou index ( |
1.00 | 0.00 | 0.449 4 | 0.413 04 | 0.171 | |
Margalet指数Margalet index ( |
3.63 | 0.00 | 0.928 9 | 1.127 14 | 1.270 | |
草本层 |
Patrick指数Patrick index ( |
25.00 | 4.00 | 12.220 0 | 6.726 00 | 45.242 |
Simpson指数Simpson index ( |
0.92 | 0.41 | 0.778 3 | 0.137 72 | 0.019 | |
Shannon-Wiener指数Shannon-Wiener index ( |
2.79 | 0.81 | 1.932 2 | 0.584 02 | 0.341 | |
Pielou均匀度指数Pielou index ( |
0.94 | 0.59 | 0.813 9 | 0.096 48 | 0.009 |
采用R语言ward最小方法聚类法,根据Jaccard相似系数,将18个样地的植物群落分成3大类(
调查地点分布图。1~18见
Distribution of survey plots. 1-18 see
样地中优势种的重要值
Importance value of dominant species in plots
类型 |
样地 |
乔木层Tree | 灌木层Shrub | 草本层Herb | |||||
植物Species | Ⅳ | 植物Species | Ⅳ | 植物Species | Ⅳ | ||||
1~18见 |
|||||||||
Ⅰ | 1 | 水翁 |
30.79 | 灰莉 |
17.86 | 铺地黍 |
15.69 | ||
2 | - | - | 铺地黍 |
16.09 | |||||
3 | 池杉 |
43.48 | 水翁 |
84.19 | 菜蕨 |
39.60 | |||
4 | 荔枝 |
89.75 | 假柿木姜子 |
47.24 | 菜蕨 |
22.31 | |||
5 | 落羽杉 |
58.80 | 野牡丹 |
31.74 | 三裂叶蟛蜞菊 |
15.91 | |||
6 | 荔枝 |
42.32 | 花叶鹅掌藤 |
53.34 | 野芋 |
19.39 | |||
Ⅱ | 7 | 池杉 |
82.02 | 鱼藤 |
87.02 | 短叶茳芏 |
23.53 | ||
8 | - | - | 芦苇 |
40.55 | |||||
9 | 无瓣海桑 |
100.00 | 老鼠簕 |
45.91 | 短叶茳芏 |
75.39 | |||
10 | - | 鱼藤 |
43.76 | 短叶茳芏 |
42.22 | ||||
12 | 大蕉 |
81.24 | 鱼藤 |
40.61 | 芦苇 |
45.55 | |||
13 | 无瓣海桑 |
79.37 | 东方紫金牛 |
31.88 | 海芋 |
31.91 | |||
Ⅲ | 11 | - | - | 空心莲子草 |
64.56 | ||||
14 | - | - | 野芋 |
23.64 | |||||
15 | 池杉 |
43.61 | 水黄皮 |
63.64 | 星毛蕨 |
44.48 | |||
16 | - | - | 空心莲子草 |
19.96 | |||||
17 | - | - | 空心莲子草 |
28.84 | |||||
18 | - | - | 水蓼 |
33.91 |
第1类为1~6号样地,地点分别是流溪河良口、花都三坑水库、流溪河白云段、增江鹤之洲、华农树木园、海珠湿地果林,湿地类型为河流、库塘2种。优势乔木为水翁(
第2类有7~10、12、13等6个样地,分别是生鱼洲、前航道、沙湾水道、龙穴岛北角、南沙十涌,均靠近海岸,湿地类型为洪泛平原湿地、河口、潮间盐水沼泽、人工输水河5大类。近海植物群落以灌木和草本植物为主,灌木优势种有老鼠簕(
第3类包括11、14~18号样地,分别是龙穴岛水产养殖场、金沙岛滩涂、南海湿地、金沙岛水保区、南沙涌上游、南沙涌下游,湿地类型为水产养殖场和河流。均为典型的草本植物群落, 优势种为丛枝蓼(
样地土壤养分的主要特征
Main characteristics of soil nutrients in survey plots
指标Index | 平均Mean | 标准差Standard deviation | 极小Minimum | 极大Maximum | 变异系数Coefficient of variation |
SOM、TN、TP、TK、AN、AP、AK见 |
|||||
pH | 6.798 67 | 0.858 097 | 4.500 | 8.240 | 0.736 |
SOM (g/kg) | 33.966 60 | 17.124 046 | 10.806 | 96.948 | 293.233 |
TN (g/kg) | 1.474 70 | 0.513763 | 0.504 | 3.313 | 0.264 |
TP (g/kg) | 0.771 06 | 0.393 936 | 0.154 | 1.774 | 0.155 |
TK (g/kg) | 17.247 86 | 5.021 110 | 1.296 | 28.727 | 25.212 |
AN (mg/kg) | 93.997 76 | 34.557 301 | 42.720 | 216.187 | 1 194.207 |
AP (mg/kg) | 26.558 81 | 26.728 999 | 0.050 | 114.700 | 714.439 |
AK (mg/kg) | 126.906 90 | 69.525 962 | 21.630 | 401.845 | 4 833.859 |
土壤主成分综合得分
Comprehensive score of soil principal components
样地 |
综合排序 |
|||
1 | 18.463 953 90 | 37.139 075 88 | 18.805 676 61 | 15 |
2 | 21.919 593 01 | 14.306 181 18 | 13.138 788 50 | 17 |
3 | 54.161 017 45 | 42.438 370 50 | 34.651 192 04 | 2 |
4 | 31.466 317 42 | 18.809 507 50 | 18.328 345 46 | 16 |
5 | 54.577 576 08 | 3.190 743 52 | 22.711 485 97 | 14 |
6 | 51.188 903 88 | 40.073 717 73 | 32.738 640 13 | 5 |
7 | 39.907 747 84 | 33.993 235 45 | 26.372 147 96 | 9 |
8 | 54.522 737 74 | 74.787 672 26 | 44.773 011 52 | 1 |
9 | 32.937 837 97 | 55.020 954 15 | 30.083 216 39 | 6 |
11 | 23.665 448 88 | 55.338 268 71 | 26.489 750 80 | 8 |
12 | 45.928 264 10 | 49.170 506 31 | 33.450 192 91 | 4 |
13 | 25.370 862 97 | 77.424 546 27 | 33.980 967 60 | 3 |
14 | 29.298 010 70 | 45.953 564 63 | 25.837 455 53 | 10 |
15 | 44.815 852 18 | 25.089 114 69 | 25.579 677 29 | 11 |
16 | 31.413 805 46 | 36.487 005 15 | 23.759 887 82 | 13 |
17 | 27.687 678 47 | 41.758 816 68 | 23.902 554 22 | 12 |
18 | 32.030 017 22 | 49.287 622 33 | 27.953 424 09 | 7 |
湿地植物多样性与土壤环境因子RDA排序图。
RDA ranking map of wetland plant diversity and soil environmental factors.
草本层物种重要值(前12种)与土壤因子CCA排序图。sp2: 白花鬼针草; sp3: 稗草; sp5: 半边旗; sp6: 薄叶碎米蕨; sp8: 藨草; sp9: 菜蕨; sp10: 糙毛蓼; sp11: 草龙; sp13: 丛枝蓼; sp15: 大花水蓑衣; sp19: 短叶茳芏; sp27: 光蓼。
CCA ranking diagram of species importance value in herb layer (top 12) and soil factors. Sp2:
我国湿地植物资源丰富,植物种数超2 000余种,但是目前在人工湿地中得到应用并产生效果的只有几十种[
植物多样性排前4的为流溪河良口段、海珠湿地、华南农业大学树木园和南沙湿地,可能是流溪河良口段为流溪河靠近源头部分,为水源保护区, 人口较少,人为干扰活动小。海珠湿地则通过生境恢复、生物恢复等手段,清除入侵植物、人工引入乡土物种等方式优化区域群落结构,从而提高植物物种多样性[
土壤状况约束着植物的生长发育,土壤环境的差别致使植物群落物种多样性产生变化,湿地土壤中的养分水平与湿地植物多样性也息息相关[
本研究RDA排序结果表明,土壤环境因子中对植物多样性影响最大的指标是TP、TN、AN,其次为SOM、TK、AP,这与前人[
综上,本研究区共有湿地植物312种,隶属于90科198属,草本植物占绝对优势。湿地植物多样性表现为草本层 > 灌木层 > 乔木层。土壤状况较好的区域为前航道、流溪河白云段、南沙湿地,分别属于河口水域、永久性河流、红树林湿地类型。土壤环境因子对植物多样性影响最大的指标是SOM、TN、TP、TK和AN,对湿地草本植物群落分布影响的主要因子是pH、AK和AP。
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