配方施肥对盆栽‘康乃馨’杜鹃生长及生理特性的影响

Effects of Formula Fertilization on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Potted Rhododendron hybrid ‘Carnation’

摘要:

为筛选‘康乃馨’杜鹃(Rhododendron hybrid ‘Carnation’)盆栽栽培的最适肥料配方，采用三因素三水平L₉(3⁴)正交试验设计，系统探究不同氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)配比对植株生长和生理特性的影响。试验因素包括尿素(N≥46%，设0.5、1.0、1.5 g/pot，分别用N₁、N₂、N₃表示)、过磷酸钙(P₂O₅≥12%，设0.8、1.6、2.4 g/pot，分别用P₁、P₂、P₃表示)和硫酸钾(K₂O≥52%，设1.0、2.0、3.0 g/pot，分别用K₁、K₂、K₃表示)。结果表明，处理M5 (N₂P₂K₂)显著促进株高增长和开花数量，处理M6 (N₂P₃K₁)最有利于地径增粗。P、K肥施用量对地上部、地下部和总生物量积累具有显著影响。处理M9的叶绿素含量最高；处理M5下可溶性糖含量最优；处理M7 (N₃P₁K₂)下可溶性蛋白含量最高；抗氧化酶活性方面，处理N₁P₂K₁的超氧化物歧化酶活性最高，处理N₃P₁K₁的过氧化物酶含量最高；处理M7下丙二醛含量最低。基于主成分分析的综合评价表明，各处理综合得分排序为M5>M4>M6>M1>M2>M7>M8>M3>M9>CK (对照)。其中，最优处理M5在促进‘康乃馨’杜鹃生长、提升生理活性和开花方面效果最为显著。这为‘康乃馨’杜鹃的高效栽培与繁育技术优化提供了理论依据。

Abstract:

To screen the optimal fertilizer formula for pot cultivation of Rhododendron hybrid ‘Carnation’, a three-factor three-level L9(3⁴) orthogonal test design was adopted to systematically investigate the effects of different nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) ratios on plant growth and physiological characteristics. The test factors included urea (N≥46%, set at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/pot, represented by N₁, N₂, and N₃ respectively), superphosphate (P₂O₅≥12%, set at 0.8, 1.6, and 2.4 g/pot, represented by P₁, P₂, and P₃ respectively), and potassium sulfate (K₂O≥52%, set at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g/pot, represented by K₁, K₂, and K₃ respectively). The results showed that treatment M5 (N₂P₂K₂) significantly promoted plant height growth and flower quantity, while treatment M6 (N₂P₃K₁) was most conducive to stem diameter thickening. The application amounts of P and K fertilizers had significant effects on the accumulation of aboveground, underground, and total biomass. Treatment M9 had the highest chlorophyll content; treatment M5 had the optimal soluble sugar content; treatment M7 (N₃P₁K₂) had the highest soluble protein content; in terms of antioxidant enzyme activity, treatment N₁P₂K₁ had the highest superoxide dismutase activity, and treatment N₃P₁K₁ had the highest peroxidase content; treatment M7 had the lowest malondialdehyde content. Based on the comprehensive evaluation by principal component analysis, the comprehensive score ranking of each treatment was M5>M4>M6>M1>M2>M7>M8>M3>M9>CK (control). Among them, the optimal treatment M5 was most effective in promoting the growth, enhancing physiological activity, and increasing flowering of ‘Carnation’. This provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of efficient cultivation and propagation techniques for ‘Carnation’.