西双版纳轻木人工林的生长特性及其影响因子探析

Exploration on Growth Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Ochroma lagopus Artificial Forest in Xishuangbanna

摘要:

为探讨轻木(Ochroma lagopus)的标准化栽培和推广应用，通过调查西双版纳27个轻木种植园的地形因子、套种模式和生长等指标了解其生长特性及其影响因子，同时走访种植户详细了解轻木的管理方式(灌溉、施肥、修剪、除草和打药)、种植成本和遇到的问题等。结果表明，厄瓜多尔品系的枝下高、胸径年生长量和材积年积累量均显著高于印度尼西亚品系。随着海拔和坡度的增加，枝下高、胸径年生长量和材积年积累量均呈下降趋势，当海拔高于700 m和坡度大于50°时，胸径和材积受到显著影响。最佳种植时间是6月和7月，且种植密度应控制在600 ind./hm²以下，并在幼树期每月实施1次抹芽处理。此外，采用宽窄行套种菠萝(Ananas comosus)和辣椒(Capsicum annuum)不仅能提高轻木的生长，还能为农户提供额外收入。因此，西双版纳轻木应种植在海拔低于700 m，坡度低于50°的阳坡和半阳坡，并严格控制种植时间(雨季初期)、种植密度(株行距大于2.5 m×6.0 m)和侧芽等管理细节。

Abstract:

Balsa wood (Ochroma lagopus) has been successfully introduced and planted (about 867-1000 hm²) in Xishuangbanna since 2020. To explore the standardized cultivation and promotion of O. lagopus, the growth characteristics and influencing factors of 27 balsa wood plantations in Xishuangbanna were investigated by analyzing the terrain factors, intercropping patterns and growth indicators. Meanwhile, the management methods (irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and pest control), planting costs and problems encountered by the growers were also visited and inquired in detail. The results showed that the annual growth of crown height, diameter at breast height and volume accumulation of the Ecuadorian variety were significantly higher than those of the Indonesian variety. With the increase of altitude and slope, the annual growth of crown height, diameter at breast height and volume accumulation all showed a downward trend. When the altitude was higher than 700 m and the slope was greater than 50°, the diameter and volume were significantly affected. The best planting time was June and July, and the planting density should be controlled below 600 ind./hm², and the bud removal treatment should be carried out once a month during the sapling stage. In addition, intercropping with Ananas comosus and Capsicum annuum in wide and narrow rows can not only promote the growth of balsa wood, but also provide additional income for farmers. Therefore, balsa wood in Xishuangbanna should be planted on the sunny and semi-sunny slopes with an altitude lower than 700 m and a slope lower than 50°, and the planting time (early rainy season), planting density (row spacing greater than 2.5 m×6.0 m) and side buds and other management details should be strictly controlled.