生态系统恢复中的适地适树问题

The Right Tree in the Right Place in Ecosystem Restoration

摘要:

退化生态系统恢复主要包括退化生境的治理和生物群落的修复，这类似于林业中的适地适树原则。在造林和退化生态系统恢复与实践中，如果未充分考虑适地适树，往往导致造林存活率低、功能低下，生态系统恢复速度慢。要做到适地适树，必须考虑到适树是一个系统恢复中的树种选择问题，除了考虑用乡土种等宏观原则外，还要考虑树种的遗传多样性、树种所在演替阶段、植物功能群和植物功能性状等多个不同尺度的问题。而适地则要同时考虑用途和退化等级问题，其中，一是根据造林用途分为造林荒地、商品林地、需要改造的人工林林地、园林用地等；二是按照生态系统退化程度分为极度退化、中度退化、轻度退化土地。气候变化下适地适树的关键要点亦会有所不同，气候变化前的生态恢复强调的是恢复生态系统历史上的状态，而气候变化下的生态恢复则需要一定程度的改造，即适应性生境的营造和更耐受气候变化物种选育的双向奔赴。基于适地适树理念构建的植被可以在一定程度上缓解气候变化的影响，保护和恢复生物多样性，修复退化的生态系统，并提供多种生态系统服务，最终为建立人与自然和谐共生的可持续发展提供支撑。

Abstract:

The restoration of degraded ecosystems mainly includes the rehabilitation of degraded habitats and the restoration of biological communities, which is aligns with the forestry principle of ‘the right tree in the right place’. However, in afforestation and restoration of degraded ecosystems, inadequate consideration of this principle often results pool survival rates, low functionality, and sluggish pace of recovery. To ensure that the right tree is planted in the right place, a comprehensive approach to tree species selection is imperative. Beyond the fundamental guideline of utilizing native species, it is essential to account for the genetic diversity of tree species, the succession stage of tree species, plant functional groups, and plant functional traits at multiple scales. For suitable land, both the land use and land degradation level should be considered simultaneously. Based on the afforestation objectives, the land can be categorized into barren land for afforestation, commercial forest plantations or garden lands for transformation. Additionally, considering the level of ecosystem degradation, the land can be classified into extremely degraded, moderately degraded, and mildly degraded land. Under climate change, the criteria for the right tree in the right place may shift. If ecological restoration before climate change emphasizes restoring the historical state of ecosystems, the ecological restoration under climate change will undergo a certain degree of adaption. This adaptation includes the creation of adaptive habitats and the assistance of species migration or breeding that are more tolerance to climate change. Both of these strategies are crucial for effective restoration. Properly established vegetation through thoughtful tree planting can mitigate the impacts of climate change, conserve biodiversity, rehabilitate degraded ecosystems, and provide multiple ecosystem services. Ultimately, this approach supports the broader goal of sustainable development, and fostering a harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature.