荨麻刺毛的形态组织学研究

Morphological and Histological Studies on Urtica Stinging Hairs

摘要:

为了解荨麻刺毛的形态组织学特征，该文使用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、能量色散X射线光谱、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、组织化学染色等观察和分析技术，对3种荨麻属(Urtica)植物[裂叶荨麻(U. fissa)、异株荨麻(U. dioica)和麻叶荨麻(U. cannabina)]刺毛的形态结构、生物矿化和化学成分进行了研究，同时对易混品蝎子草属(Girardinia)植物掌叶蝎子草(G. diversifolia)也进行了形态结构观察。结果表明，不同种属植物刺毛结构均由刺细胞(包括尖端、柄部)和基部组成，但在长度、直径、质量、表观密度等特征参数方面存在差异。荨麻刺毛中的生物矿化现象普遍，主要为二氧化硅、碳酸钙、磷酸钙，且从基部到尖端的矿化程度显著提高。荨麻刺毛所含成分包括多糖、酚酸、黄酮，且主要富集于基部细胞。这为荨麻和其他具有典型刺毛结构的植物物种鉴定提供参考。

Abstract:

To investigate the morphological histology of Urtica stinging hairs, the morphological structure, biomineralization and chemical composition of stinging hairs from three Urtica species (U. fissa, U. dioica and U. cannabina) were systematically studied by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and histological staining. Additionally, the morphological structure of Girardinia diversifolia was also investigated as reference to distinguish Urtica from Girardinia. The results showed that stinging hairs across different species share a stinging cell (comprising a tip and a stalk) along with a basal part, but there are variations in characteristic parameters such as length, diameter, mass and density among them. Biomineralization was found to be common in stinging hairs of Urtica, with silica, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate as the primary components, significantly increases from the basal part towards the tip. Polysaccharides, phenolic acids and flavonoids are identified as major components within Urtica stinging hairs, which are mainly enriched in the basal cells. These would provide a reference for the identification of Urtica and other plant species with typical stinging hairs.