澳门路环华润楠古树的物候及所属群落特征

Studies on the Phenology and Community Characteristics of an Ancient Tree Machilus chinensis in Ilha Coloane, Macao

摘要:

为加强对澳门华润楠(Machilus chinensis)的保育工作，对最古老的1株华润楠和群落优势种绒毛润楠(M.velutina)进行物候监测，并采用样地调查法对群落的物种组成、结构和物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明，2—3月为华润楠新叶生长盛期，3月中下旬为花期，果期由4月持续到9月；4—5月为绒毛润楠展叶盛期，10—12月为花期，12月至翌年3月为果期。2 000 m²的样地中共记录到维管植物104种，隶属于48科82属。种子植物区系以热带分布为主，占总区系成分的87.01%。乔木层的华润楠虽然只有1株高大古树，但其以18.97%的重要值排在所有树种中的第4位，灌木层的华润楠(平均高度20 cm以下的幼苗)以37.06%的重要值排第2位，绒毛润楠为乔木层和灌木层明显的优势树种。群落垂直结构的物种多样性格局表现为：物种丰富度指数为乔木层>灌木层>草本层>藤本层；均匀度指数为藤本层>草本层>乔木层>灌木层；多样性指数D和H'最高的均为草本层，最低的均为灌木层。因此，该群落属于亚热带性质常绿阔叶林，物种组成相对丰富，华润楠古树生长正常，但种群不稳定，应加强保护。

关键词:华润楠;群落;物候;澳门

Abstract:

In order to strengthen conservation of Machilus chinensis, the oldest species in Macao, the phenology of M. chinensis and M. velutina, the dominant species in the community, was monitored, the species composition, structure and species diversity of the community were studied by using sample plot method. The results showed that February to March was the peak growth period of new leaves of M. chinensis, the flowering period was from mid to late March,and the fruit period last from April to June. The peak period of new leaves of M. velutina was from April to May, the flowering period was from October to December, and the fruiting period was from December to March of the following year. There were 104 vascular species recorded in the plot of 2 000 m², belonging to 82 genera and 48 families. The flora of seed plants of the community was dominated by Tropical distribution type, accounting for 87.01% of the total flora. Although there was only one tall ancient tree M. chinensis in arbor layer, its importance value of 18.97% ranked the fourth among all tree species. And Machilus chinensis (seedlings with average height below 20 cm) ranked second with an important value of 37.06% in the shrub layer. Machilus velutina was the dominant tree species in arbor and shrub layers. The species abundance index was arbor layer>shrub layer>herb layer>liana; the evenness index was liana>herb layer>arbor layer> shrub layer. The Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indexes of herb layer were the highest, and those of shrub layer were the lowest. So, the community belongs to the subtropical evergreen broad forest, the species composition is relatively rich, the growth of ancient tree Machilus chinensis is normal, but the population is unstable, protection should be strengthened.

Key words:Machilus chinensis;Community;Phenology;Macau