我国果蔬采后生理学进展

Advances in Postharvest Physiology of Fruits and Vegetables in China

摘要:

采后生理学始于20世纪30年代，主要围绕鲜活果蔬的保存、运输和供给。进入21世纪，随着基因组、转录组、代谢组、蛋白组等技术手段的快速发展与应用，果蔬采后生理学发展迅速。近几年来，我国科技工作者围绕学科发展前沿，深入探讨果蔬采后成熟、衰老和品质保持的调控机理和贮藏环境对品质的生理应答机制，取得了一系列重要研究成果，包括Met氧化存在被Met亚砜还原酶A和B逆转，提出了LcMsrA1/B1下调表达导致LcCaM1氧化加速，增强了LcNAC13和LcWRKY1的DNA结合活性，从而激活或抑制荔枝（Litchi chinensis）果实采后衰老相关基因的表达；MaMYB3通过直接抑制淀粉降解相关基因和MabHLH6对淀粉降解产生负作用，从而延迟香蕉（Musa acuminata）果实成熟；鉴定出直接调控柑橘（Citrus reticulate）果实的α-和β-支链类胡萝卜素转化的R2R3-MYB转录因子和参与桃（Amygdalus persica）果实香气形成的萜类合成酶编码基因TPS家族成员以及WRKY和AP2/ERF转录因子；SlVPE3通过激活KTI4方式调节番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）果实抗病性机制。针对国际上学科发展方向与特点，认为我国果蔬采后生理学紧跟国际发展前沿，总体处于国际先进水平；但存在学科大而不强、领军人才不足、有待提升等问题；同时对未来发展需求、重点领域及优先发展方向做了展望。

Abstract:

Postharvest physiology in the world begins approximately in the 1920s mainly for the supply of fresh fruits and vegetables concerning preservation and transportation. With the rapid development and efficient application of genomics, transcriptomes, metabolomes, proteomics and other technical means, postharvest research of fruits and vegetables has developed greatly in the 21^st century. The major progresses include the presence of Met oxidation regulated by Met sulfoxide reductases A and B in relation to down-regulation of LcMsrA1/B1 leading to accelerated oxidation of LcCaM1 and enhanced LcNAC13 expression and DNA binding activity of LcWRKY1 in litchi fruit, a negative effect of MaMYB3 on starch degradation by directly inhibiting the starch degradation-related gene, MabHLH6, to delay the ripening of banana fruit, the identifications of α-and β-branched carotenoid-transformed R2R3-MYB transcription factor of citrus fruit and different members of the TPS family of steroid synthase-encoding genes, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factors involved in the aroma formation of peach fruit, and a vacuolar processing enzyme gene, SlVPE3, to regulate the resistance of tomato fruit to pathogens by activating the inhibitor of proteinase (KTI4). According to the SCI publications using postharvest as a key word in the recent years, it is suggested that the postharvest physiology in China is closely related to the development frontier and is generally recognized as the international level, with some problems such as a large discipline but lack of leading publications and scientists or talents. An emphasis on increased financial support, prior basic research, enhanced international cooperation, and improved research team in the discipline development is proposed.