生态系统模拟模型的研究进展

A Review of Ecosystem Simulation Models

摘要:

从四个方面概述了生态系统模拟模型的发展现状：1)个体及种群，种群动态模型主要模拟在一个生境中单个种的动、植物个体出生或发芽、成长及其死亡过程，还有种内竞争和种间相互作用，主要分析生境中生物之间的相互作用。主要概述了林窗模型和土壤一植物一大气系统模型。2)群落与生态系统，概述了生态系统生产力模型、生物地球化学循环模型及演替模型。主要模拟植物种类在整个生态系统发展过程中的变化，以及植被类型的转变和相关的生物地球化学循环过程的改变，从而反映生物群落对气候变化的响应。3)景观生态系统，景观动态研究包含了时空两个方面的动态变化，一般可分为随机景观模型和基于过程的景观模型。随机模型用于模拟群落格局在演替过程中的动态变化等，基于过程的景观模型深入研究组成景观的各生态系统的空间结构。4)生物圈与地球生态系统，基于过程的陆地生物地球化学模式被用来研究自然生态系统中碳和其它矿物营养物质的潜在通量和蓄积量，较为流行的模式有陆地生态系统模式TEM、CENTURY、法兰克福生物圈模式FBM、Biome-BGC、卡内基-埃姆斯-斯坦福方法CASA等。这些模式己被用于估算自然生态系统对大气CO₂加倍及相关气候变化在区域和全球尺度的平衡响应。最后，结合实际工作展望了生态系统模拟模型在各方面的发展方向。

Abstract:

The term of ecological models refers to a wide variety of types of models which simulate variousecosystem phenomena on different scales. Ecological models could be classified into various types according to different criterion. In this review ecosystem simulation models are summarized in four aspects. 1) Individual and population dynamics models describe the simulation of germination, growth and mortality of individual plants in an ecosystem, and the intraspecific and interspecific competition as well. The Gap model and Soil-Plant-Atmosphere model are included here．2)Community and ecosystem models simulate the replacement of plant species through the succession of ecosystems， including the transform ation of vegetation types and the corresponding changes (influences)in biogeochemical cycling．The ecosystem productivity model，biogeochemical cycling and succession models are applied to the community responses to global climate changes．3) The study of landscape ecosystem models consist of stochastic model and process-based landscape model，including temporal and spatial dynamic changes．The former is to simulate dynamic changes of comunity pattern in succession process，while the latter to spatial configuration of each ecosystem of which the landscape is made up．4) Biosphere and global ecosystem are related with the atm osphere and climate principally through the exchanges of energy， water and elements．Because of the limitations of equilibrium terestrial biosphere models， new generation models，such as TEM, CENTURY，FBM，Biome-BGC，CASA and so on，are critically needed for assessing and predicting the primary production and biogeochemical cycles of the biosphere in changing global environments． The goal of dynamic biosphere modeling is to model dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems caused by natural and anthropogenic disturbances，as well as the interactions of energy，water and the atmosphere． At last， in combination with the practice the prospect of the development of ecosystem simulation models in all aspects is given.