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  热带亚热带植物学报  2024, Vol. 32 Issue (6): 800-806      DOI: 10.11926/jtsb.4912       CSTR: 32235.14.jtsb.4912
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引用本文  

林文俊, 付厚华, 连辉, 等. 长序苦参,豆科植物一新种[J]. 热带亚热带植物学报, 2024, 32(6): 800-806. DOI: 10.11926/jtsb.4912.
LIN Wenjun, FU Houhua, LIAN Hui, et al. Sophora elongata, A New Species of Leguminosae[J]. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany, 2024, 32(6): 800-806. DOI: 10.11926/jtsb.4912.

基金项目

福建省教育厅中青年教师教育科研项目(JAT210069);福建省林业科技项目(2022FKJ08);国家植物标本资源库建设运行项目(E0117G1001)资助

通信作者

陈世品, E-mail: fjcsp@126.com

作者简介

林文俊(1987年生),男,博士,主要从事生物多样性与生态功能研究。E-mail: linwenjun@fafu.edu.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2024-03-05
接受日期:2024-04-25
长序苦参,豆科植物一新种
林文俊 1, 付厚华 1, 连辉 2, 涂雄德 1, 陈世品 1     
1. 福建农林大学林学院, 福州 350002;
2. 福建省林业调查规划院, 福州 350001
摘要:该研究描述了福建省武夷山国家公园发现的豆科(Leguminosae)苦参属(Sophora)一新种:长序苦参(S. elongata S. P. Chen & W. J. Lin),形态学比较表明,该种与苦参(S. flavescens)最相似,二者的区别为该种植株矮小,总状花序长40 cm,花萼2 mm× 3 mm。基于3个核DNA片段组合(ETS、ITS、SQD1)和4个叶绿体DNA片段组合(matK、rbcL、rpl32-trnL、trnL-F)构建的系统发育树显示,长序苦参在系统发育树上位置独立,支持长序苦参为豆科植物一新种,但其系统发育位置不太稳定,存在核质冲突,推测是古老的杂交或不完全的谱系分选导致。
关键词长序苦参    豆科    新种    
Sophora elongata, A New Species of Leguminosae
LIN Wenjun 1, FU Houhua 1, LIAN Hui 2, TU Xiongde 1, CHEN Shipin 1     
1. Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
2. Fujian Forestry Survey and Planning Institute, Fuzhou 350001, China
Foundation item: This work was supported by the Project for Education and Research of Young Teachers of Department of Education of Fujian (Grant No. JAT210069), the Project for Forestry Science and Technology in Fujian (Grant No. 2022FKJ08), and the National Plant Specimen Resource Library Construction and Operation Project (Grant No. E0117G1001)
Abstract: A new species of Sophora (Leguminosae), S. elongata S. P. Chen & W. J. Lin, was found in Wuyishan National Park, Fujian Province, which was most similar to S. flavescens in morphology. Their difference between the two species was that the plant was short, the raceme was 40 cm, and the calyx was 2 mm×3 mm. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on three nuclear DNA fragment combinations (ETS, ITS, SQD1) and four chloroplast DNA fragment combinations (matK, rbcL, rpl32-trnL, trnL-F) showed that S. elongata had an independent position on the phylogenetic tree, which supported that S. elongata was a new species of Leguminosae, but its phylogenetic position was independent and there was nuclear-cytoplasmic conflict, presumably due to ancient hybridization or incomplete phylogenetic sorting.
Key words: Sophora elongata    Leguminosae    New species    

苦参属(Sophora)是豆科(Leguminosae)蝶形花亚科(Papilionoideae)槐族(Trib. Sophoreae)成员[13], 主要在热带至温带地区分布。其特征是小叶全缘, 小苞片常无,离生或基部连合的雄蕊10个,念珠状荚果不裂或开裂[1]。该属植物不仅是重要的蜜源植物[4],而且具有重要的药用价值,兼具生态和观赏价值[5]

苦参属在我国有21种14变种2变型,主要在西南、华南、华东等地区分布[1],福建已知野外分布有2种:闽槐(S. franchetiana)和苦参(S. flavescens)[6]。2022年7月,作者在福建省武夷山国家公园进行植物资源调查时发现一未知种,该种叶形与苦参相似。通过持续1年的跟踪调查和采样,结合分子系统发育分析,发现该种在系统发育树的位置独立, 形态特征与近缘种有明显区别。因此,确定该种为苦参属新种,根据该种花序长的特点,将该种命名为长序苦参(Sophora elongata S. P. Chen & W. J. Lin)。模式标本存放于福建农林大学林学院树木标本馆(FJFC)。

1 材料和方法 1.1 形态学观察

于2022年7月至2023年6月在武夷山国家公园对该种植株及其群落和相近类群进行持续观察, 记录该种各个物候期形态学数据,用数码相机拍摄记录该种各个物候期形态学特征。与该种进行形态特征比对的苦参、闽槐数据来源于文献资料[1, 6]

1.2 系统发育研究 1.2.1 DNA提取、序列扩增和测序

2022年7月,在野外采集该种的叶片等新鲜组织,简单处理后立即放入硅胶中干燥保存,称取0.3 g的干燥叶片,使用Plant-MiniKit (Qiagen., CA., USA)试剂盒提取样品DNA。使用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测提取的DNA纯度和浓度。对3条核DNA片段(ETS、ITS、SQD1)和4条叶绿体DNA片段(matK、rbcL、rpl32-trnL、trnL-F)进行PCR扩增和测序。PCR引物和PCR温度设置参照Liao等[3]的研究。扩增后的序列送到生物公司(华大基因)进行测序。

1.2.2 系统发育树构建

为了探究该种的系统发育位置,参照Liao等[3]的研究,采用包括该种在内的苦参属植物60株个体和5个外类群物种的叶绿体DNA、核DNA序列用于构建系统发育树。分类群样本、凭证和GenBank登录号等详细信息见附录1。使用软件MAFFT v7.490分别比对各片段[7],后使用软件TrimAl 1.2[8]自动去除比对不好的区域。使用软件PhyloSuite v.1.1.16分别串联叶绿体和核DNA片段组合[9]。使用软件IQ-TREE 2.0.3、PAUP on XSEDE 4.a165和MrBayes 3.2.7分别构建叶绿体DNA片段组合和核DNA片段组合的最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)、最大简约法(maximum parsimony, MP)和贝叶斯法(Bayesian inference, BI)系统发育树。ML系统发育树的构建使用IQ-TREE检测的最佳模型作为核苷酸替换模型,采用Bootstrap算法,重复计算次数为2 000次,其余参数均为默认值[10]。MP系统发育树使用启发式搜索和分支交换算法,对所有核苷酸性状进行同等加权处理,搜索任意重复1 000次,系统树的可靠性用1 000次重复的自展法分析[11]。BI系统发育树使用MrModeltest 2.4计算最佳模型[12],根据最佳模型使用MrBayes 3.2.7运行10 000 000代,每100代取样1次,舍弃前25%的树来保证达到稳定状态,以获得各分支的后验概率[1314]

2 结果和分析 2.1 形态学分析

该种与苦参相近,与苦参的区别在于花序长达40 cm (vs长达15~25 cm);小叶3~12对(vs 6~12对);翼瓣基部浅三角形尖耳有(vs无)等形态特征来区分(表 1)。

表 1 长序苦参、苦参、闽槐形态特征对比 Table 1 Morphological comparison of Sophora elongata, S. flavescens and S. franchetiana
2.2 分子系统发育分析

3个核DNA片段组合(ETS、ITS、SQD1)比对后的长度是1132 bp,其中392个(34.63%)是可变位点,329个(29.06%)是简约信息位点。4个叶绿体DNA片段组合(matK、rbcL、rpl32-trnL、trnL-F)比对后长度为3207 bp,其中487个(15.19%)是可变位点,335个(10.45%)是简约信息位点(表 2)。基于3个核DNA片段组合构建的系统发育树(图 1:A)可见,苦参属可分为8个分支,这8个分支与Liao等[3]的研究结果一致,其中长序苦参位于Clade A分支基部,但支持率不高(35/35/–)。基于4个叶绿体DNA片段组合构建系统发育树(图 1: B)可见, 苦参属可分为8个分支,与Liao等[3]的研究不同的是,Echinosophora koreensis并没有单独形成分支,而是位于Clade G基部,但支持率较低(96/40/0.51)。长序苦参单独形成分支,与Clade D/E/G/H形成姐妹支,但支持率很低,并且ML与MP、BI树存在冲突(53/–/–)。MP和BI树与核DNA片段组合构建系统发育树一致,长序苦参位于Clade A分支基部(56/0.81)。基于核DNA片段和叶绿体DNA片段构建的系统发育树,结果表明长序苦参是一个新的物种,但其系统发育位置不太稳定,存在核质冲突,推测是由于古老的杂交或者不完全谱系分选导致的。

表 2 分子系统发育分析统计 Table 2 Statistics from molecular phylogenetic analyses
图 1 基于3个核DNA片段(A)和4个叶绿体DNA片段(B)构建的苦参属系统发育树。节点附近数字表示自展值和BI后验概率(左为ML的自展值,中为MP的自展值,右为后验概率);–: ML/MP树和BI树之间的拓扑结构不一致[16];*: 自展值为100或者BI后验概率为1.00;分支命名参考Liao等[3] Fig. 1 Phylogenetic tree of Sophora constructed based on three nuclear DNA fragments (A) and four chloroplast DNA fragments (B). Numbers near the nodes are bootstrap percentages and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPML, BPMP, PP). –: Inconsistent between the topology of the ML/MP and the Bayesian trees[16]; *: 100 bootstrap percentage or 1.00 posterior probability. The branch naming reference Liao et al.[3].
2.3 长序苦参

新种 图 2, 3

图 2 长序苦参形态特征。A: 生境; B: 根; C: 托叶和叶枕; D: 植株和叶片; E: 花序; F: 花(前视图和侧视图); G: 花解剖图; H: 荚果和种子。 Fig. 2 Morphological characteristics of Sophora elongata S.P. Chen & W.J. Lin. A: Habitat; B: Roots; C: Stipules and pulvinus; D: Plant and leaves; E: Inflorescence; F: Flower (front and lateral view); G: Component of the flowers, composed of petals (upper left), calyx (upper right), stamens (ten of lower left), and ovary (one of lower right); H: Legumes and seeds.
图 3 长序苦参。A: 全株,由根(下部)、叶(侧面)和花序(上部)组成; B: 花朵(正面和侧面视图); C: 花瓣,由旗瓣(上部)、翼瓣(侧面)和龙骨瓣(下部)组成; D: 雌蕊; E: 雄蕊; F: 花萼解剖; G: 托叶和叶枕; H: 荚果和种子。 Fig. 3 Sophora elongata. A: Flowering plant, composed of roots (lower), leaves (lateral), and inflorescence (upper); B: Flower (front and lateral view); C: Petals, composed of standard (upper), wings (lateral) and keel petals (lower); D: Ovary; E: Stamens; F: Anatomy of the calyx; G: Stipules and pulvinus; H: Legumes and seeds.

Sophora elongata S.P. Chen & W.J. Lin sp.nov.

Type: CHINA. Fujian: Wuyishan National Park, Growing on both sides of the mountaintop road, elev. ca. 653 m, 27°39′54″ N, 117°56′40″ E, 24 July 2022, LIN Wenjun, Chen20220724 (holotype FJFC).

Description:Herbs or subshrubs, 0.2–0.5 m. Roots fusiform or cylindric. Stem cylindrical, pilose when young. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate, 3–5 mm. Leaves imparipinnate, alternate, up to 25 cm; leaflets 7–25, alternate or nearly opposite, papery, elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate-linear, 2–4 cm×0.5–2 cm, base cuneate or slightly cordate, apex obtuse or acute, graywhite hairy abaxially, margin entire; midrib obvious abaxially; petiolule inflated at base, pulvinus brown to dark brown. Racemes terminal, up to 40 cm; flowers many, widely spaced; rachis and peduncle hairy. Bracts linear, hairy, ca. 2 mm. Pedicel ca. 7 mm, joint at top. Calyx campanulate, light purple to purplish-brown, calyx tube concave towards hypanthium, ca. 2 mm×3 mm, pilose; lobes 5, widely triangle. Corolla white or light yellow; standard obovate-spatulate, white, ca. 6 mm× 5 mm, apex concave, base circular or slightly concave; wings slightly longer than standard, light yellow, oblong or ovate-oblong, 1-auriculated at base; keel longe, yellow, obovate, ca. 8 mm×4 mm, 1-auriculated at base. Stamens 10, (glabrous?) slightly fused at base. Ovary subsessile, hairy, many-ovuled; style slightly curved; stigma hairy. Legumes 7–15 cm, constricted between seeds, curved, sparsely pubescent, dehiscent along both sutures when mature. Seeds 1–3, long ovoid, slightly compressed, Fl. May—Jul; fr. Jul.— Oct.

草本或亚灌木,高0.2~0.5 m。主根肥大,纺锤形或圆柱形。茎圆柱形,嫩茎疏被柔毛,后无毛。托叶线形,渐尖,长约3~5 mm。奇数羽状复叶互生,长达25 cm;小叶3~12对,互生或近对生,纸质,卵形、椭圆形至披针形,长2~4 cm,宽0.5~2 cm,先端急尖或钝,基部宽楔形或浅心形,下面疏被灰白色短柔毛,全缘;叶背中脉明显隆起;叶柄基部明显肿大,叶枕褐色至黑褐色。总状花序顶生,长达40 cm;花多数(30~40朵),稀疏;花序梗和花序轴密被短柔毛。苞片线形,被短柔毛,长约2 mm。花梗长约7 mm,顶部具关节。花萼钟状,淡紫色至紫褐色,萼筒向被丝托凹陷,长约2 mm,宽约3 mm,有稀疏短柔毛,萼裂片5,阔三角形。花冠白色或淡黄色;旗瓣白色,倒卵状匙形,长6 mm,宽5 mm,先端凹缺,基部微凹;翼瓣淡黄色,比旗瓣稍长, 长圆形或卵状长圆形,基部有1浅三角形尖耳,柄内弯,与耳等长,无皱褶;龙骨瓣大于翼瓣,黄色,斜倒卵形至阔半月形,长8 mm,宽4 mm,背部明显呈龙骨状,基部有1浅斜展的三角形耳。雄蕊10,基部稍连合。子房近无柄,被淡黄白色柔毛,花柱稍弯曲,胚珠多数,柱头有绢质疏长毛。荚果,种子间缢缩,呈中间肿大的不规则圆柱形,多弯曲, 长7~15 cm,直径最宽处约1 cm,沿缝线开裂成2瓣,有种子1~3粒。种子长卵形,稍压扁。花期5月—7月;果期7月—10月。

因该新种花序长度显著长于苦参,故将其命名为长序苦参(Sophora elongata S.P. Chen & W.J. Lin sp.nov.)。长序苦参目前仅发现于福建省武夷山国家公园景区内,生长于丹霞山顶黄山松(Pinus hwangshanensis)、木荷(Schima superba)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)针阔混交林下。调查区域种群数量较少,居群性状稳定。生活型为草本或亚灌木,冬季休眠,次年植株从根部重新生长。该种目前尚未列入福建省保护植物名录,鉴于其种群数量稀少, 建议尽快列入保护植物名录。

附录1  本研究所用分类群样本、凭证和GenBank登录号

http://jtsb.ijournals.cn/ajax/common/download_attache_file.aspx?seq_id=20240530140224001&file_no

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