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  热带亚热带植物学报  2024, Vol. 32 Issue (5): 637-642  DOI: 10.11926/jtsb.4824
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引用本文  

黄婧, 孙美, 刘玥, 等. 藏南虎舌兰分类地位的探讨[J]. 热带亚热带植物学报, 2024, 32(5): 637-642. DOI: 10.11926/jtsb.4824.
HUANG Jing, SUN Mei, LIU Yue, et al. Discussion on the Taxonomic Status of Epipogium sessanum[J]. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany, 2024, 32(5): 637-642. DOI: 10.11926/jtsb.4824.

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目(32270213)资助

通信作者

田怀珍, E-mail: thz0102@126.com

作者简介

黄婧(1999年生),女,硕士,主要从事兰科植物资源及利用研究。E-mail: 473076583@qq.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2023-07-07
接受日期:2023-11-20
藏南虎舌兰分类地位的探讨
黄婧 , 孙美 , 刘玥 , 梅丽 , 田怀珍     
华东师范大学生命科学学院, 上海 200241
摘要:为对Epipogium sessanum的分类地位进行探讨,通过野外调查、标本比对和文献研究,Epipogium sessanum与虎舌兰(E. roseum)花部特征差异明显,建议恢复其独立种地位,并新拟中文名:藏南虎舌兰。
关键词兰科    虎舌兰属    分类修订    墨脱县    
Discussion on the Taxonomic Status of Epipogium sessanum
HUANG Jing , SUN Mei , LIU Yue , MEI Li , TIAN Huaizhen     
School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
Foundation item: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 32270213)
Abstract: The taxonomic status of Epipogium sessanum was discussed. By field observations and a critical survey of the literature and specimens in herbaria, it was found that E. sessanum and E. roseum had obvious differences in the flower. It is suggested E. sessanum to be reinstated as a distinct species, and a new Chinese name "zang nan hu she lan" is proposed.
Key words: Orchidaceae    Epipogium    Taxonomic revision    Motuo (Medog) County    

虎舌兰属(Epipogium Gmelin ex Borkhausen)属于树兰亚科(Orchidaceae subfam. Epidendroideae)芋兰族(tribe Nervilieae)虎舌兰亚族(subtrib. Epipogiinae Schltr)[12],为菌类寄生植物。虎舌兰属下共计7物种,分布于温带欧亚大陆,热带非洲至太平洋西南部,我国7种均产[1,35]。肉药兰属(Stereosandra Blume)在系统发育位置上与虎舌兰属最相近[2],属下目前仅发现肉药兰(Stereosandra javanica Bl.) 1种,分布于东南亚及太平洋岛屿[6]。两属的主要差别在于虎舌兰属唇瓣有距,具花粉团柄2个,而肉药兰属唇瓣无距,具2枚胼胝体,花粉团柄仅1个[7]

2021年6月,本团队于西藏自治区林芝市墨脱县开展兰科植物调查,发现了数丛白色的菌类寄生兰科植物,具有纺锤状块茎、花不开展、唇瓣无距等特点,疑似虎舌兰属或肉药兰属下物种。经过花部解剖观察(图 1)和文献标本研究,发现该物种蕊柱粗短,具有2个花粉团柄,应被划入虎舌兰属,结合唇瓣无脊无距的特征,确认该物种应为Epipogium sessanum S. N. Hegde & A. N. Rao。Epipogium sessanum植株整体形态特征与肉药兰属非常相似, 1982年Hegde等[8]、2013年Dalström等[9]也持有相似观点。

图 1 藏南虎舌兰和虎舌兰的形态比较。A, B, E, G~M: 藏南虎舌兰; C, D, F: 虎舌兰。A, C: 生境; B, D: 花序; E, F: 花的解剖; G, H: 花的侧面和正面(人为分开花被片); I~L: 蕊柱; M: 块茎。 Fig. 1 Morphological comparison between Epipogium sessanum and E. roseum. A, B, E, G-M: E. sessanum; C, D, F: E. roseum. A, C: Habitat; B, D: Inflorescence; E, F: Flower anatomy; G, H: Side and front view of flowers (artificially-separated perianth segments); I-L: Column; M: Tuber.

尽管《中国植物志》[7]E. sessanum处理为虎舌兰的异名,2003年Govaerts等[10]Flora of China[1]采用了同样的处理方式,但本研究认为E. sessanum与近缘物种在多个性状上存在变异的间断,是一个自然的物种(即“好种”)[11],与2004年Manilal等[12]的观点一致。Epipogium sessanum与虎舌兰、拉拉山虎舌兰(E. lalashanense)较为相似,植株均为白色几乎不具紫斑,但在花部性状方面具有明显不同并稳定的特征(表 1):E. sessanum花序较松散,具花5~25朵,几乎不开放至半开放,唇瓣不特化,无距亦无疣突形成的纵脊;虎舌兰花序较密集,花朵数量可到20以上,花开放至半开放,唇瓣特化,有距, 具有疣突形成的纵脊;拉拉山虎舌兰花序松散具花6~8朵,半开放,唇瓣特化,有距,但无疣突形成的纵脊[13]

表 1 藏南虎舌兰、虎舌兰和拉拉山虎舌兰的形态对比 Table 1 Morphological comparison of Epipogium sessanum, E. roseum and E. lalashanense

在地理分布方面,E. sessanum与虎舌兰的分布区相近,与拉拉山虎舌兰分布距离较远。Epipogium sessanum最早由Hegde等[8]于1982年发现,采集于伪“阿鲁纳恰尔邦”西卡门县的塞萨兰花保护区, 该区域实际上属于中国固有领土,位于西藏自治区山南市错那市境内的达旺地区。本次于墨脱县新发现的2个分布点为背崩乡格林村(约10株)和墨脱镇仁青崩寺至巴日村途中(3株)。虎舌兰分布广泛,我国南部的广东、海南、台湾、西藏、云南均有分布, 在西藏自治区内察隅县(标本:PE00338330, PE00338331, PE00338332, PE00338333)和错那市ARUN000010452, 采集于伪“阿鲁纳恰尔邦”的伊塔那噶)有分布,与E. sessanum在墨脱县、错那市的分布点位置较近, 但无重叠。此外,Vogel在新几内亚兰花网(http://www.orchidsnewguinea.com/)上传的1张虎舌兰属植物图片,植株形态与E. sessanum十分吻合,拍摄于印度尼西亚爪哇岛的Salak山上;另外,1987年陈心启等[14]曾提及印度尼西亚存在虎舌兰及其“异常多面对称花(异常整齐花)植株”分布,但未提到直接引文和标本,故本研究认为虎舌兰与E. sessanum的分布位置是否重合有待进一步勘查。此外,2018年Hsieh等[4]认为部分亚洲国家存在把垦丁虎舌兰(E. kentingense)和间型虎舌兰(E. meridianum)误认为虎舌兰的现象,故有待结合蕊柱特征对以上三者的分布范围进行进一步确认。拉拉山虎舌兰为2022年发表采集于台湾的新种,目前仅在台湾桃园市有记录, 与E. sessanum分布距离较远[13]

具有特化的唇瓣是兰科植物的典型特征之一, 但也有唇瓣不特化,而与另外2枚花瓣形状相似的例子,如原始类群拟兰属(Apostasia)和“异常多面对称花”[14]。异常多面对称花是指在通常具有两侧对称花的植物类群中,偶尔出现的多面对称花,其中兰科植物较为特殊,已出现了能够遗传的多面对称个体,如丝唇美洲兜兰(Phragmipedium lindenii)、叉柱兰(Cheirostylis clibborndyeri)、金佛山兰(Cephalanthera nanchuanica)等[1415]Epipogium sessanum的唇瓣与花瓣、花萼十分相似,形状为白色的卵状披针形,无乳突、胼胝体等附属物,长度与花瓣、花萼近乎相等,而属内其他物种的唇瓣均表现为明显特化,具有距、三裂、具有斑点、由小乳突形成纵脊等1至数个特点,故E. sessanum很可能是一个“异常多面对称花”的实体。但E. sessanum的唇瓣并非与花萼、花瓣完全一样,在宽度方面,花萼相对较窄,1~2 mm,花瓣宽2~3 mm,唇瓣宽达2~3.5 mm;花萼先端渐尖,花瓣先端略尖,唇瓣先端圆钝,稍微向下反折;花萼和花瓣均不裂,而唇瓣有轻微三裂,不明显,在原始文献的墨线图上唇瓣为三裂, 本研究观察到,两侧裂片先端十分不明显,仅从侧面偶有见到,裂口为唇瓣凹面与先端反折处。

根据前人对虎舌兰属系统发育关系的研究结果[16],选择天麻(Gastrodia elata)为外类群,选取核基因片段(ITS),利用最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)、贝叶斯推论法(Bayesian inference, BI)构建虎舌兰属植物的系统发育关系。分子材料信息见表 2

表 2 本研究分子材料的采集信息 Table 2 Collection information of molecular materials used in this study

分子材料保存方式、DNA提取方法、PCR扩增体系和所用引物参照韩利霞[17]的方法。使用Seqman (DNASTAR package)[18]对公司返回的序列进行校对并手动辅助调整。利用MEGA version X 10.1.6[19]将同一片段需利用的所有序列进行比对,构建单片段数据集。利用Phylosuite[20]中的ModelFinder[21]计算贝叶斯信息准则,获得最适模型TPM2 (BI)、GTR (ML)。打开插件MrBayes[22],ModelFinder分析结果将自动导入,进行贝叶斯建树分析。BI分析包括4个同时运行的马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(Markov chainMonte Carlo, MCMC),运行300万代,每1 000代采样1次,初始25%的采样数据作为老化值舍去。打开插件IQ-TREE[23]对1 000次超快自展值(Ultrasfast bootstrap support, UFboot)检验[24]进行最大似然(ML)分析,系统发育树在FigTree 1.4.3进行修改和美化。

图 2 基于虎舌兰属植物ITS序列构建的ML系统发育关系树。ML超快自展支持率显示在分支上方。 Fig. 2 ML phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences of Epipogium. Ultrafast bootstrap support (%) shown above the branches.
图 3 基于虎舌兰属植物ITS序列构建的BI系统发育关系树。后验概率显示在分支上方。 Fig. 3 BI phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences of Epipogium. Posterior probability (PP) shown above the branches.

基于虎舌兰属植物ITS序列构建的ML和BI系统发育关系树结果表明,Epipogium sessanum与虎舌兰亲缘关系最近,得到强烈支持(Ufboot=100, PP= 1),采自墨脱县的3个E. sessanum样品聚为一支, 支持率较低(Ufboot=60, PP=0.3),推测ITS序列变异位点较少,建议今后增加基因片段,以获得更准确的系统发育结果。

综合物种形态特征、分布范围和系统发育关系,Epipogium sessanum具有较光滑的纺锤形块茎、较松散的花序、不开至半开的花、唇瓣无距无纵脊等明显的识别特点,目前仅记录分布于中国西藏南部(错那、墨脱)和印度尼西亚(爪哇)。本文认为应恢复E. sessanum的物种地位,并新拟中文名藏南虎舌兰, 分类处理和具体描述如下。同时,整理虎舌兰属各物种检索表,以方便属内物种鉴别。

藏南虎舌兰  新拟

Epipogium sessanum S. N. Hegde & A. N. Rao in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 3: 598. 1982 nom. restituendum. Type: INDIA: Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng District, West Kameng, Sessa Orchid Sanctuary, June 1981, S.N. Hegde 3800 (holotype: s.n. Orchid Herbarium, Tipi); S.N. Hegde 3945 (paratype: CAL00000 00668 photo!); S.N. Hegde 3800 B (paratype: s.n. Orchid Herbarium, Tipi).

菌类寄生植物,植株高15~30 cm。块茎纺锤状至长圆状,肉质,节状,横卧,1.5~4 cm×1~2.5 cm。茎直立,黄白色,无绿叶,光滑无毛,节上具膜质、透明、褐色管状鞘。花序总状,具5~25朵花,松散排列;花苞片披针形,膜质透明,白色或稍带淡黄棕色,短于子房,长6~7 mm。花下垂,不甚开放,白色;花梗和子房长约1 cm。萼片条状,先端锐尖,7~8 mm×1~2 mm;花瓣披针形,8~9 mm×2~3 mm,比萼片宽,先端锐尖,略偏斜;唇瓣与花瓣相似, 卵形披针形,先端较钝,8 mm×2~3.5 mm,全缘,稍凹,先端稍微向下反折,凹部至先端连接处或有轻微三裂,不明显,无距或囊,无胼胝体。蕊柱粗短,肉质,无蕊喙,长约2 mm;花药粒粉质,花粉块2,棍棒状,花粉团柄2。花果期4月—6月。

其他引证标本:中国. 西藏,墨脱县,仁钦崩寺至巴日村,2021年6月22日,孙美、黄婧、张振等21062202 (HSNU!);格林村,2021年6月24日,泡花标本,孙美、黄婧、张振等21062434 (HSNU!)

虎舌兰(E. roseum)相关引证标本:中国:西藏,察隅县,海拔1 500 m,1980年7月7日,倪志诚、汪永泽、次多等0510 (PE00338330, PE00338331, PE 00338332, PE00338333, photo!);云南,勐海县,海拔1 540 m,1936年3月,王启无73790 (PE00338325, photo!);澜沧拉祜族自治县,海拔1 300 m,1936年3月, 王启无76736 (PE00338323, PE00338324, photo!); 富宁县,海拔700 m,1940年5月24日,王启无89556 (IBSC0626688, PE00338326, PE00338327, photo!); 金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县, 海拔500 m,1956年4月22日, 中苏联合云南考察团785 (PE00338321, photo!); 金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县,海拔700 m,1956年4月27日,中苏联合云南考察团862 (PE00338322, photo!);西畴县,海拔1 200 m,1984年5月28日,傅德志84316 (PE00 338328,PE00338329, photo!);景洪市大渡岗乡, 海拔1 000 m,2013年5月4日,李剑武3066 (HITBC 0028343, photo!);勐海县打洛镇,海拔750 m,2013年6月9日,李剑武3250 (HITBC 0028399, photo!);广西,南丹县,2018年5月30日,南丹普查队451221180530047LY (GXMG0200819, photo!);贵港市港北区,2019年5月3日,马仲辉等450802190503002LY (GXMG0213168, photo!); 广东,英德市,1920年5月18日,梁向日60675 (PE003 38318, PE00338319, photo!);乳源瑶族自治县,1973年5月31日,粤7300442 (IBSC0626692, PE00338320, photo!);始兴县,1983年5月25日,王学文565 (IB SC0626693, photo!);海南,崖县,1933年5月2日, 侯宽昭70660 (IBSC0626691, photo!);保亭县,1935年4月10日,侯宽昭71790 (IBSC0626690, photo!);崖县,1975年4月23日,钟义60157 (IBSC0626689, photo!); 乐东县, 2014年4月25日,张挺、刘成、王茜茜14CS8683 (KUN1393893, photo!)。喀麦隆(CAM EROON):Ambas Bay, February 1861, G. Mann 784 (K000306659)。日本(JAPAN):May 1899, S. Tanaka s.n. (K000942698)。尼泊尔(NEPAL): 1818, N. Wallich s.n. (BM000061526)。印度尼西亚(INDONESIA): Java, November 1998, C. L. Blume 723 (L0063932)。印度(CAMEROON): Coorg, Serdorn, June 1759, R. Wight s.n. (K000942697)。

  虎舌兰属分种检索表

1. 花不倒置,具珊瑚状根状茎,唇瓣近基部3裂······························································································· 2

1. 花倒置,具肉质块茎,唇瓣不裂或不明显的3裂···························································································· 3

2. 距粗大,长约5~8 mm,宽4~5 mm,先端浑圆,稍向前伸················································· 裂唇虎舌兰E. aphyllum

2. 距细长,长约11~13 mm,先端渐尖,并强烈向前弯曲···················································· 台湾虎舌兰E. taiwanense

3. 唇瓣透明,无疣突、纵脊、斑点和条带········································································································ 4

4. 唇瓣有距········································································································ 拉拉山虎舌兰E. lalashanense

4. 唇瓣无距················································································································· 藏南虎舌兰E. sessanum

3. 唇瓣具密生小疣的纵脊、斑点或条带················································································································· 5

5. 花开展·················································································································································· 6

5. 花不全开·················································································································································· 7

6. 唇瓣先端反折,距向后突起,平行于子房···································································· 垦丁虎舌兰E. kentingense

6. 唇瓣向下平伸,距下垂,稍向前弯曲···································································· 日本虎舌兰E. japonicum

7. 花多而密集,几乎不具斑点···································································· 虎舌兰E. roseum

7. 具花3~10朵,具紫斑····························································································· 间型虎舌兰E. meridianum

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