虎舌兰属(Epipogium Gmelin ex Borkhausen)属于树兰亚科(Orchidaceae subfam. Epidendroideae)芋兰族(tribe Nervilieae)虎舌兰亚族(subtrib. Epipogiinae Schltr)[1–2],为菌类寄生植物。虎舌兰属下共计7物种,分布于温带欧亚大陆,热带非洲至太平洋西南部,我国7种均产[1,3–5]。肉药兰属(Stereosandra Blume)在系统发育位置上与虎舌兰属最相近[2],属下目前仅发现肉药兰(Stereosandra javanica Bl.) 1种,分布于东南亚及太平洋岛屿[6]。两属的主要差别在于虎舌兰属唇瓣有距,具花粉团柄2个,而肉药兰属唇瓣无距,具2枚胼胝体,花粉团柄仅1个[7]。
2021年6月,本团队于西藏自治区林芝市墨脱县开展兰科植物调查,发现了数丛白色的菌类寄生兰科植物,具有纺锤状块茎、花不开展、唇瓣无距等特点,疑似虎舌兰属或肉药兰属下物种。经过花部解剖观察(图 1)和文献标本研究,发现该物种蕊柱粗短,具有2个花粉团柄,应被划入虎舌兰属,结合唇瓣无脊无距的特征,确认该物种应为Epipogium sessanum S. N. Hegde & A. N. Rao。Epipogium sessanum植株整体形态特征与肉药兰属非常相似, 1982年Hegde等[8]、2013年Dalström等[9]也持有相似观点。
尽管《中国植物志》[7]将E. sessanum处理为虎舌兰的异名,2003年Govaerts等[10]和Flora of China[1]采用了同样的处理方式,但本研究认为E. sessanum与近缘物种在多个性状上存在变异的间断,是一个自然的物种(即“好种”)[11],与2004年Manilal等[12]的观点一致。Epipogium sessanum与虎舌兰、拉拉山虎舌兰(E. lalashanense)较为相似,植株均为白色几乎不具紫斑,但在花部性状方面具有明显不同并稳定的特征(表 1):E. sessanum花序较松散,具花5~25朵,几乎不开放至半开放,唇瓣不特化,无距亦无疣突形成的纵脊;虎舌兰花序较密集,花朵数量可到20以上,花开放至半开放,唇瓣特化,有距, 具有疣突形成的纵脊;拉拉山虎舌兰花序松散具花6~8朵,半开放,唇瓣特化,有距,但无疣突形成的纵脊[13]。
在地理分布方面,E. sessanum与虎舌兰的分布区相近,与拉拉山虎舌兰分布距离较远。Epipogium sessanum最早由Hegde等[8]于1982年发现,采集于伪“阿鲁纳恰尔邦”西卡门县的塞萨兰花保护区, 该区域实际上属于中国固有领土,位于西藏自治区山南市错那市境内的达旺地区。本次于墨脱县新发现的2个分布点为背崩乡格林村(约10株)和墨脱镇仁青崩寺至巴日村途中(3株)。虎舌兰分布广泛,我国南部的广东、海南、台湾、西藏、云南均有分布, 在西藏自治区内察隅县(标本:PE00338330, PE00338331, PE00338332, PE00338333)和错那市ARUN000010452, 采集于伪“阿鲁纳恰尔邦”的伊塔那噶)有分布,与E. sessanum在墨脱县、错那市的分布点位置较近, 但无重叠。此外,Vogel在新几内亚兰花网(http://www.orchidsnewguinea.com/)上传的1张虎舌兰属植物图片,植株形态与E. sessanum十分吻合,拍摄于印度尼西亚爪哇岛的Salak山上;另外,1987年陈心启等[14]曾提及印度尼西亚存在虎舌兰及其“异常多面对称花(异常整齐花)植株”分布,但未提到直接引文和标本,故本研究认为虎舌兰与E. sessanum的分布位置是否重合有待进一步勘查。此外,2018年Hsieh等[4]认为部分亚洲国家存在把垦丁虎舌兰(E. kentingense)和间型虎舌兰(E. meridianum)误认为虎舌兰的现象,故有待结合蕊柱特征对以上三者的分布范围进行进一步确认。拉拉山虎舌兰为2022年发表采集于台湾的新种,目前仅在台湾桃园市有记录, 与E. sessanum分布距离较远[13]。
具有特化的唇瓣是兰科植物的典型特征之一, 但也有唇瓣不特化,而与另外2枚花瓣形状相似的例子,如原始类群拟兰属(Apostasia)和“异常多面对称花”[14]。异常多面对称花是指在通常具有两侧对称花的植物类群中,偶尔出现的多面对称花,其中兰科植物较为特殊,已出现了能够遗传的多面对称个体,如丝唇美洲兜兰(Phragmipedium lindenii)、叉柱兰(Cheirostylis clibborndyeri)、金佛山兰(Cephalanthera nanchuanica)等[14–15],Epipogium sessanum的唇瓣与花瓣、花萼十分相似,形状为白色的卵状披针形,无乳突、胼胝体等附属物,长度与花瓣、花萼近乎相等,而属内其他物种的唇瓣均表现为明显特化,具有距、三裂、具有斑点、由小乳突形成纵脊等1至数个特点,故E. sessanum很可能是一个“异常多面对称花”的实体。但E. sessanum的唇瓣并非与花萼、花瓣完全一样,在宽度方面,花萼相对较窄,1~2 mm,花瓣宽2~3 mm,唇瓣宽达2~3.5 mm;花萼先端渐尖,花瓣先端略尖,唇瓣先端圆钝,稍微向下反折;花萼和花瓣均不裂,而唇瓣有轻微三裂,不明显,在原始文献的墨线图上唇瓣为三裂, 本研究观察到,两侧裂片先端十分不明显,仅从侧面偶有见到,裂口为唇瓣凹面与先端反折处。
根据前人对虎舌兰属系统发育关系的研究结果[16],选择天麻(Gastrodia elata)为外类群,选取核基因片段(ITS),利用最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)、贝叶斯推论法(Bayesian inference, BI)构建虎舌兰属植物的系统发育关系。分子材料信息见表 2。
分子材料保存方式、DNA提取方法、PCR扩增体系和所用引物参照韩利霞[17]的方法。使用Seqman (DNASTAR package)[18]对公司返回的序列进行校对并手动辅助调整。利用MEGA version X 10.1.6[19]将同一片段需利用的所有序列进行比对,构建单片段数据集。利用Phylosuite[20]中的ModelFinder[21]计算贝叶斯信息准则,获得最适模型TPM2 (BI)、GTR (ML)。打开插件MrBayes[22],ModelFinder分析结果将自动导入,进行贝叶斯建树分析。BI分析包括4个同时运行的马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(Markov chainMonte Carlo, MCMC),运行300万代,每1 000代采样1次,初始25%的采样数据作为老化值舍去。打开插件IQ-TREE[23]对1 000次超快自展值(Ultrasfast bootstrap support, UFboot)检验[24]进行最大似然(ML)分析,系统发育树在FigTree 1.4.3进行修改和美化。
基于虎舌兰属植物ITS序列构建的ML和BI系统发育关系树结果表明,Epipogium sessanum与虎舌兰亲缘关系最近,得到强烈支持(Ufboot=100, PP= 1),采自墨脱县的3个E. sessanum样品聚为一支, 支持率较低(Ufboot=60, PP=0.3),推测ITS序列变异位点较少,建议今后增加基因片段,以获得更准确的系统发育结果。
综合物种形态特征、分布范围和系统发育关系,Epipogium sessanum具有较光滑的纺锤形块茎、较松散的花序、不开至半开的花、唇瓣无距无纵脊等明显的识别特点,目前仅记录分布于中国西藏南部(错那、墨脱)和印度尼西亚(爪哇)。本文认为应恢复E. sessanum的物种地位,并新拟中文名藏南虎舌兰, 分类处理和具体描述如下。同时,整理虎舌兰属各物种检索表,以方便属内物种鉴别。
藏南虎舌兰 新拟
Epipogium sessanum S. N. Hegde & A. N. Rao in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 3: 598. 1982 nom. restituendum. Type: INDIA: Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng District, West Kameng, Sessa Orchid Sanctuary, June 1981, S.N. Hegde 3800 (holotype: s.n. Orchid Herbarium, Tipi); S.N. Hegde 3945 (paratype: CAL00000 00668 photo!); S.N. Hegde 3800 B (paratype: s.n. Orchid Herbarium, Tipi).
菌类寄生植物,植株高15~30 cm。块茎纺锤状至长圆状,肉质,节状,横卧,1.5~4 cm×1~2.5 cm。茎直立,黄白色,无绿叶,光滑无毛,节上具膜质、透明、褐色管状鞘。花序总状,具5~25朵花,松散排列;花苞片披针形,膜质透明,白色或稍带淡黄棕色,短于子房,长6~7 mm。花下垂,不甚开放,白色;花梗和子房长约1 cm。萼片条状,先端锐尖,7~8 mm×1~2 mm;花瓣披针形,8~9 mm×2~3 mm,比萼片宽,先端锐尖,略偏斜;唇瓣与花瓣相似, 卵形披针形,先端较钝,8 mm×2~3.5 mm,全缘,稍凹,先端稍微向下反折,凹部至先端连接处或有轻微三裂,不明显,无距或囊,无胼胝体。蕊柱粗短,肉质,无蕊喙,长约2 mm;花药粒粉质,花粉块2,棍棒状,花粉团柄2。花果期4月—6月。
其他引证标本:中国. 西藏,墨脱县,仁钦崩寺至巴日村,2021年6月22日,孙美、黄婧、张振等21062202 (HSNU!);格林村,2021年6月24日,泡花标本,孙美、黄婧、张振等21062434 (HSNU!)
虎舌兰(E. roseum)相关引证标本:中国:西藏,察隅县,海拔1 500 m,1980年7月7日,倪志诚、汪永泽、次多等0510 (PE00338330, PE00338331, PE 00338332, PE00338333, photo!);云南,勐海县,海拔1 540 m,1936年3月,王启无73790 (PE00338325, photo!);澜沧拉祜族自治县,海拔1 300 m,1936年3月, 王启无76736 (PE00338323, PE00338324, photo!); 富宁县,海拔700 m,1940年5月24日,王启无89556 (IBSC0626688, PE00338326, PE00338327, photo!); 金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县, 海拔500 m,1956年4月22日, 中苏联合云南考察团785 (PE00338321, photo!); 金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县,海拔700 m,1956年4月27日,中苏联合云南考察团862 (PE00338322, photo!);西畴县,海拔1 200 m,1984年5月28日,傅德志84316 (PE00 338328,PE00338329, photo!);景洪市大渡岗乡, 海拔1 000 m,2013年5月4日,李剑武3066 (HITBC 0028343, photo!);勐海县打洛镇,海拔750 m,2013年6月9日,李剑武3250 (HITBC 0028399, photo!);广西,南丹县,2018年5月30日,南丹普查队451221180530047LY (GXMG0200819, photo!);贵港市港北区,2019年5月3日,马仲辉等450802190503002LY (GXMG0213168, photo!); 广东,英德市,1920年5月18日,梁向日60675 (PE003 38318, PE00338319, photo!);乳源瑶族自治县,1973年5月31日,粤7300442 (IBSC0626692, PE00338320, photo!);始兴县,1983年5月25日,王学文565 (IB SC0626693, photo!);海南,崖县,1933年5月2日, 侯宽昭70660 (IBSC0626691, photo!);保亭县,1935年4月10日,侯宽昭71790 (IBSC0626690, photo!);崖县,1975年4月23日,钟义60157 (IBSC0626689, photo!); 乐东县, 2014年4月25日,张挺、刘成、王茜茜14CS8683 (KUN1393893, photo!)。喀麦隆(CAM EROON):Ambas Bay, February 1861, G. Mann 784 (K000306659)。日本(JAPAN):May 1899, S. Tanaka s.n. (K000942698)。尼泊尔(NEPAL): 1818, N. Wallich s.n. (BM000061526)。印度尼西亚(INDONESIA): Java, November 1998, C. L. Blume 723 (L0063932)。印度(CAMEROON): Coorg, Serdorn, June 1759, R. Wight s.n. (K000942697)。
虎舌兰属分种检索表
1. 花不倒置,具珊瑚状根状茎,唇瓣近基部3裂······························································································· 2
1. 花倒置,具肉质块茎,唇瓣不裂或不明显的3裂···························································································· 3
2. 距粗大,长约5~8 mm,宽4~5 mm,先端浑圆,稍向前伸················································· 裂唇虎舌兰E. aphyllum
2. 距细长,长约11~13 mm,先端渐尖,并强烈向前弯曲···················································· 台湾虎舌兰E. taiwanense
3. 唇瓣透明,无疣突、纵脊、斑点和条带········································································································ 4
4. 唇瓣有距········································································································ 拉拉山虎舌兰E. lalashanense
4. 唇瓣无距················································································································· 藏南虎舌兰E. sessanum
3. 唇瓣具密生小疣的纵脊、斑点或条带················································································································· 5
5. 花开展·················································································································································· 6
5. 花不全开·················································································································································· 7
6. 唇瓣先端反折,距向后突起,平行于子房···································································· 垦丁虎舌兰E. kentingense
6. 唇瓣向下平伸,距下垂,稍向前弯曲···································································· 日本虎舌兰E. japonicum
7. 花多而密集,几乎不具斑点···································································· 虎舌兰E. roseum
7. 具花3~10朵,具紫斑····························································································· 间型虎舌兰E. meridianum
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