2. 中国医学科学院药用植物研究所海南分所, 海口 570311;
3. 中国科学院华南植物园, 广州 510650
2. Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences&Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China;
3. South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
姜科(Zingiberaceae)凹唇姜属(Boesenbergia Kuntze),全世界约有82种[1],大部分种类生于林下,少数可生于开阔的沙岩台地或海洋附近裸露的石灰岩上[2],从印度西南部至中国,以及东南亚地区均有分布,中南半岛和婆罗洲是该属的分布中心[3]。此前该属在中国的分布记录有凹唇姜[B. rotunda (L.) Mansf.]、心叶凹唇姜(B. maxwellii Mood & al.)、白斑凹唇姜(B. albomaculata S. Q. Tong)等3种,集中分布在云南省[4-5]。
近期在海南省开展植物调查时,笔者发现1种凹唇姜属植物,其叶背面被白霜,花序出于枝顶, 花瓣偏生于花序一侧。经查阅该属标本和相关文献[3, 6-7], 并与本种新鲜材料解剖后对比,确定该植物为B. quangngaiensis N. S. Lý。该种最早发现于越南中部的广义省(Quảng Ngãi Province),并于2017年确立为新种,在中国是首次发现并记录,现报道如下。
广义凹唇姜 新拟 图 1
Boesenbergia quangngaiensis N. S. Lý, Phytotaxa. 2017, 324(1): 083–088. Type:Vietnam. Quảng Ngãi Province, Nghĩa Hành District, Hành Tín Ðông Commune, Trường Lệ Village, Mount Dầu, Nước Nổi stream, secondary evergreen broadleaf forest, 125 m elev., 12 April 2015, Ngọc-Sâm Lý, Lý-615 (holotype: VNM, isotype: P, VNM).
多年生常绿草本,株高30~70 cm,形成小的、松散的丛群,每丛1~4条假茎。根状茎多,由老茎基部发出,长圆形,主体部分长1.9~2.4 cm,宽0.9~ 1.2 cm;外部呈黄白色,内部呈紫色,无辛香味, 覆盖红紫色、三角形鳞片,不久后脱落。根多,从根茎基部生出,肉质,长8~15 cm,宽0.4~0.6 cm, 全体覆盖短根毛,纤维状根众多。假茎通常2~3,长约15 cm,基部红色,远端浅绿色,无毛,具2~3枚叶鞘,3.3~11.5 cm×2~3 cm,纵条纹明显,边缘透明。叶片3~4枚,二列,上面2枚近对生,叶鞘长10~15 cm,纵条纹明显,部分为无叶的鞘所覆盖, 浅绿色,后脱落,边缘半透明;叶舌深裂,裂片卵形,长1.0~1.5 cm,宽0.6~0.8 cm,白绿色, 疏生短柔毛,顶端锐尖;叶柄无或长2~3 mm,浅绿色;叶片椭圆形,有时不对称,长20~35 cm,宽7.5~ 9 cm,基部渐狭,通常不等长,上面浅绿色, 有光泽;背面绿色,被白霜。花序顶生,基部1/3~1/2藏于叶鞘内,顶端2/3~1/2外露,长9~11 cm;花序梗短,长0.8~1.3 cm,厚0.4~0.6 cm,白色,无毛,穗状花序披针形,长8.5~12 cm,最宽处约1 cm, 侧面有纵皱纹;不育苞片1~2枚,狭卵形,长3~5 cm, 紫色,紫色斑点散布,边缘白色半透明,疏生短柔毛,顶端有2 mm长的小凸尖;每穗苞片11~15个,交替排列成2列,偏向同一侧,狭卵形,向基部开放,长3~3.2 cm,最宽处8~9 mm,淡紫色,紫色斑点散布,疏生短柔毛,每枚苞片包含一枚小苞片和一朵花,轴粗壮,无花侧裸露;小苞片狭卵形, 长2.8~3 mm,宽7~9 mm,浅棕绿色,外部疏生短柔毛,向基部开放,顶端短渐尖,具1.5~2 mm的小尖头,边缘重叠,完全包围花管。花与苞片同数,每次开花1~2朵,长3.5~5 cm,自顶端向下开放, 唇瓣约75°朝向苞片顶端;花萼管状,长5~6 mm, 宽1.5~1.7 mm,半透明白色,带紫色斑点,外部疏被短柔毛,单侧向下切口约2 mm,顶端有3个不明显裂片;花冠管长28~30 mm,直径约2.5 mm,底部逐渐向先端加宽,白色,无毛;花冠裂片长11~14 mm, 宽4~5 mm,长圆形,稍凸,反卷,白色,无毛, 先端微凹。雄蕊长约3 mm,宽约3 mm,约100°朝向花冠管,外部具腺毛,内部与唇瓣相连部分亮红色;唇瓣近圆形或宽倒卵形,长1.3~2 cm,宽1.5~2 cm,基部具侧面向上弯曲和重叠的退化雄蕊,顶端平展,纯白色到浅绿白色,基部中间具红色带,延伸到上三分之一,顶端中部具紫红色斑点,边缘被腺毛,先端微缺,不规则波状,外折;侧生退化雄蕊倒卵形,长9~12 mm,宽5~6 mm,纯白色或淡黄白色,稍反折向上,密被腺毛,先端圆形或截形。雄蕊长10~14 mm,花丝长5~8 mm,宽2~2.5 mm, 白色,稀疏,被短毛;花药长6~7 mm,宽约2 mm, 连接处具腺毛;花粉囊长6~7 mm,宽约1 mm,整个开裂,白色;药隔顶端无附属体; 花粉白色。子房圆柱状,长约2 mm,直径约2 mm, 三室,白色, 顶端带红色,疏生短柔毛;花柱丝状,长约3 cm, 白色半透明;柱头浅杯状,约0.6 mm×0.8 mm,白色, 柱口圆形,无睫毛;上位腺体2,线形,长3.5~4 mm, 宽约0.5 mm,奶白色。果为蒴果,长圆形至卵球形, 长12~13 mm,直径约3 mm,具2~3粒种子。种子披针形,长11~13 mm,直径1~2 mm,棕色, 被毛;种皮内部紫色,假种皮半透明,长5~10 mm, 线形。花期3-7月,果期4-8月。
引证标本:海南,万宁市礼纪镇茄新村,2019年4月21日,李伟杰20190421007 (海南省中药标本馆)。
分布与生境:越南广义省义行县(Nghĩa Hành District)及西茶县(Tây Trà District),生于次生或常绿阔叶林溪边或林下阴凉处,海拔125~4 573 m (此海拔数据可能有误,越南境内没有超过4 000 m的高山,其最高峰Fan Si Pan海拔为3 143 m[8],根据广义凹唇姜的原始文献所引证标本,分布上限可能为573 m)。中国海南省,万宁市礼纪镇茄新村, 生于次生常绿阔叶林溪边或林下阴凉处,海拔325 m。
保护状况:据原始资料记载[3],该种在越南仅在广义省有分布记录,原文基于以下原因将该种的濒危状况评估为濒危[EN: B2a, b(ii, iii)]:物种占有面积少于500 km2 (EN: B2);分布点被严重分割, 且占有面积及栖息地将持续衰退[EN: B2a, b(ii, iii)]。广义凹唇姜在中国目前仅发现于海南省万宁市礼纪镇茄新村,且仅发现2个居群,共有22丛, 其分布面积不超过50 km2;此外,附近地区的槟榔(Areca catechu)种植面积不断扩大,将使其栖息地面积进一步缩小。因此,根据其在海南的分布状况及世界自然保护联盟的物种受威胁程度评价标准(IUCN)[9],认为其评估为濒危等级符合实际。
凹唇姜属(Boesenbergia)分种检索表
1.花序从根状茎直接发出,叶基部心形·········································································心叶凹唇姜B. maxwellii
1.花序顶生,从顶部叶鞘中发出,叶基部楔形至圆形························································································· 2
2.花药药隔具附属物,常2半裂,根状茎亮黄色,辛香味浓郁····················································凹唇姜B. rotunda
2.花药药隔无附属物,根状茎不为亮黄色,辛香味微弱或无············································································· 3
3.叶片1~3,通常1,上面深绿色,下面紫红色,根状茎白色,内部浅黄色,具微弱的辛香味·····························································································································································白斑凹唇姜B. albomaculata
3.叶片3~4,两面均为绿色,下面被白霜,根状茎外部黄白色,内部紫色,无辛香味······广义凹唇姜B. quangngaiensis
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