Mt. Kunyu is a group of scenic mountains in Shandong Peninsula, with warm temperate monsoon climate. The highest point is Taibo Peak, at a height of 923 meters above sea level. Due to a variety of comprehensive factors such as topography and climate, Mt. Kunyu is rich in vegetation resources as well as lichen species^[1].

Since the 1970s, some experts have come to Mt. Kunyu for research, but paid less attention to lichens. Only thirteen species belonging to 10 genera and 7 families were reported from Mt. Kunyu up to now^[2].

The lichen genus Porina Ach. (Porinaceae) contains more than 400 species, and grows on bark, rock or leaves in relatively sheltered habitats of the subtropical and tropical regions^[3‒5]. It is characterized by the presence of paraphyses, immersed perithecia, thin-walled and unitunicate asci with a truncate or rounded apical ring, 3 to more septate or submuriform to muriform ascospores^[6‒8]. In China, 46 species of Porina have been reported^[9].

The genus Sarcogyne (Acarosporaceae) contains 34 species, and grows on rocky substrata in temperate and semi-arid regions^[8‒11]. It is characterized by a crustose and usually poorly developed thallus, reddish brown to black apothecia, lecideine exciple, simple paraphyses, red to dark brown epithecium, poly- sporous asci and ellipsoid to globose ascospores 3–6 µm in length^{[8, 10]}. In China, nine species of Sarcogyne have been reported^[12‒15].

The genus Trimmatothelopsis (Acarosporaceae) contains 9 species, and grows on rocks in Europe^[16]. It is characterized by carbonaceous thallus, small- opening apothecia, multispored asci and saxicolous- calcifugous substrate^[17].

1 Materials and methods

Specimens examined are deposited in SDNU (Lichen Section of Botanical Herbarium, Shandong Normal University). Morphology and anatomy were examined under a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZ) and a compound microscope (Olympus CX21). Morpho- logical and anatomical photographs were taken under Olympus SZX16 and BX61 with a digital camera DP72. Thallus and medulla were spot-tested with K (a 10% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide), C (a saturated solution of aqueous sodium hypochlorite) and I (Lugol's iodine). The lichen substances were identified using thin layer chromatography (TLC) with solvent system C^[18].

2 Taxonomic descriptions 2.1 Porina byssophila(Körb. ex Hepp) Zahlbr., Nat. Pflanzenfam: 66(1903) (Fig. 1)

Thallus epilithic, olive-green to dark green, vivid green in water, rough, continous, ecorticate. Prothallus invisible. Perithecia intensive, hemi- spherical, covered by the thallus, 0.25–0.45 mm diam, with a rounded or mildly pointed top. Ostiole unspectacular or minutely papular. Involucrellum apical, purple-brown, K+ dark brown. Hyphae layer beside involucrellum dark greenish grey to green- black, 20–25 µm thick, containing algae. Centrum subglobose. Excipulum dark gray, 12.5–25 µm thick. Paraphyses simple, slender, 0.8 μm wide. Periphyses absent. Asci unitunicate, fusiform, 8-spored, 62–70 µm×13–15 µm, rounded to subacute at the apex. Ascospores hyaline, 3 or 5-septate, fusiform, usually with rounded ends, randomly arranged in the asci, (20–)23–30(–35) µm×4.5–5 µm. Conidia fusiform, 2.0–3.5 µm×0.8 µm.

Chemistry: Thallus and medulla K–, C–, KC–. Involucrellum K+ dark brown. No lichen products detected by TLC.

Substrate and ecology: On the aquatic and semi- aquatic calcareous or siliceous rocks.

Distribution: Great Britain, Ireland, Central Europe^[19]. New to China.

Specimens Examined: China. Shandong: Mu- ping County, Mt. Kunyu, 326 m, 16 Oct. 2017, Q. Ren 5324, 5327 (SDNU).

Note: Porina fluminea P. M. McCarthy & P. N. Johnson resembles P. byssophila but differs in having only 3-septate ascospores, presence of the purple- violet to purple-brown pigment in the involucrellum, and growing on the siliceous rocks^[20]. Another similar species P. linearis Leight. differs in the endolithic thallus^[21].

2.2 Sarcogyne privigna(Ach.) A. Massal., Geneac. lich. (Verona): 10(1854) (Fig. 2)

Thallus saxicolous, endolithic, inconspicuous. Photobiont chlorococcoid, 13 µm in diam. Apothecia round to ± irregular, 0.3–1.1 mm diam, disk red brown to purple, flat or concave. Pruina absent. Disk margin obviously raised, thick, black. True exciple carbonized, containing abundant crystals. Apothecium lecideine, epithecium yellow-brown, 10–12 µm high; hymenium colorless, 60–85 µm high; hypothecium pale brown, 20–30 µm high; proper exciple colorless, 15–20 µm wide. Paraphyses simple, long-celled, 2 µm wide, Asci 50–57 µm×10–16 µm, mostly 200-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, cylindrical to oblong, 4–5 µm×1– 1.5 µm. Conidia not observed.

Chemistry: Medulla and apothecia K–, C–, KC–, Pd–. No lichen products detected by TLC.

Substrate and ecology: On the siliceous rock near the stream.

Distribution: Europe, North America, Asia, Africa, Australia^[11]. New to China.

Specimen examined: China. Shandong: Muping County, Mt. Kunyu, 210 m, 16 Oct. 2017, Q. Ren 5202 (SDNU).

Note: Sarcogyne clavus DC. differs S. privigna in its larger apothecia (up to 6 mm diam), taller hyme- nium (85–115 µm), dark brown hypothecium, thicker and crenulate exciple, and longer ascospores (4–6 µm)^{[8, 10, 22]}.

2.3 Trimmatothelopsis versipellis(Nyl.) Zschacke, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 9.1(1): 593 (1934) (Fig. 3)

Thallus crustose, epilithic, red-brown. Cortex pale brown, 30–40 μm high. Photobiont chloroccocoid. Medulla gray, 20–25 μm high. Ascomata first perithe- cioid then aspicilioid. Apothecia reddish brown to black, initially immersed, erumpent when mature, 0.3– 0.5 mm diam, with a carbonized external wall and a small-opening disk. Epithecium colorless, 10–15 µm high; hymenium colorless, 100–130 µm high, KOH/ I+ blue; hypothecium inconspicuous. Paraphyses simple, slender, 1.5–2 μm wide. Asci 65–100 μm×17.5–25 μm, with a non-amyloid tholus. Ascospores simple, 4.5– 6.25 μm×2.5–3 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K-, C-, KC-. Hyme- nium KOH/I+ blue. No lichen products detected by TLC.

Substrate and ecology. Siliceous rocks beside streams.

Distribution. France^[23]. New to China.

Specimen examined: China. Shandong: Muping, Mt. Kunyu, 280 m, 16 Oct. 2017, Q. Ren 5389 (SDNU).

Note: It is a new genus to China. Trimmato- thelopsis rhizobola Nyl. differs in a brown squamulose thallus with rhizines. T. gordensis Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Rouxarediffers in an endolithic thallus and perithecia with a prominent ostiole^[16‒17].

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. A. Aptroot (ABL Herbarium, Soest, the Netherlands) for help during this research.